Psych AP: Sensation+Perception, Hearing, Sight Quiz

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the change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

accommodation

coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the

cochlea

the process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called

transduction

in the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly; this phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are

more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

middle ear

vibrations from the eardrum are transferred to a piston made up of hammer, anvil, stirrup

which of the following is the most accurate description of how we process color

occurs in three color system in the retina and opponent process cells en route to visual cortex

after sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color; this perceptual phenomenon is best explained by

opponent process theory

negative afterimages are explained by

opponent-process theory

in visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the

perceived distance of the object becomes smaller

admits light

pupil

what is psychophysics?

relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experiences

when a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as

the phi phenomenon

given normal sensory ability, a person standing atop a mountain on a dark, clear night can see a candle flame atop a mountain 30 miles away; this is a description of vision's

absolute threshold

sensorineural hearing loss is caused by

damage to the cochlea

sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________

detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus

n shopping for a new stereo, you discover that you cannot differentiate between the sounds of models X and Y; the difference between X and Y is below your

difference threshold

what is subliminal threshold?

energy of stimulus is below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness?

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

length

hue/color

webers law states that

the jnd for any stimulus is a constant proportion

what is back masking?

recording studio technique where backward messages are superimposed on soundtracks

in the opponent process theory, the three pairs of processes are

red-green, blue-yellow, black-white

the depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is

relative motion

the process by which the lens changes its curvature is

accommodation

which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?

afterimages

frequency is to pitch as ____ is to ____

amplitude; loudness

what is bottom up processing?

analysis of the stimulus that begins with the sensor receptors and works up to the level or brain and mind

the inner ear contains receptors for

audition and the vestibular sense

when struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

bipolar cells

the place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the

blind spot

___ processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation

bottom up

superman's eyes used ________, while his brain used ________

bottom up processing; top down processing

process of light in brain

brain->thalamus->cerebral cortex->occipital lobe

great amplitude

bright colors, loud sounds

what are subliminal messages?

can only occur in controlled lab studies

what is conduction hearing loss?

caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of

closure

even though it was nearly dark outside, kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange; which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?

color constancy

which of the following explains why a rose appears equally red in bright and dim light

color constancy

color vision

cones

which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision?

cones

as the football game continued into the night, le var noticed that he was having difficulty distinguishing the colors of the player's uniforms; this is because the _____, which enable color vision, have a ______ absolute threshold for brightness than the available light intensity

cones; higher

the tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called

continuity

the correct order of the structure through which light passes after entering the eye is

cornea, pupil, lens, retina

small amplitude

dull colors, soft sounds

domingo has just hit play to begin listening to a new song he bought; based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through domingo's auditory canal?

eardrum

which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, elise still perceived the table as rectangular

which of the following is an example of sensory adaption

finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you have been in it for a while

selective attention is most accurately defined as

focusing of conscious awareness of a particular stimulus

why are cochlear implants used?

for nerve deafness to regain hearing, converts sound into electrical signals

visual acuity is best in the

fovea

perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its

frequency

the psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's

frequency

which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception?

frequency, place

if carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is

green

after staring at a very intense red stimulus for a few minutes, carrie shifted her gaze to a beige wall and "saw" the color _____; carrie's experience provides support for the _____ theory

green; opponent process

what is sensorineural hearing loss?

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptors cells or to the auditory nerves

latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork; which of the following best explains her difficulty?

her cones cannot detect color well in dim light

short wavelength...

high frequency (bluish colors, high-pitched sounds)

shorter wavelength

higher frequency, high pitched sounds

what is pitch?

how high or low a sound is from 20 hz to 200000 hz

height

how intense/brightness

the pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light?

hue

wavelength is to___ as ___ is to brightness

hue; intensity

experiments with distorted visual environments demonstrate that

humans adapt readily, while lower animals typically do not

what is weber's law?

idea that to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant percentage NOT amount

when admiring the texture of a piece of fabric, calvin usually runs his fingertips over the cloth's surface; he does this because

if the cloth were held motionless, sensory adaption to its feel would quickly occur

the perceptual error in which we fail to see an object when our attention is directed elsewhere is

inattentional blindness

what is top-down processing?

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is

innate

transduction of sound

inner ear

the study of perception is primarily concerned with how we

interpret sensory stimuli

controls pupil

iris

the size of the pupils is controlled by the

iris

which of the following statements best describes the effects of sensory restrictions

it has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy

most color-deficient people will probably

lack functioning red or green sensitive cones

accommodation

lens

the fact that a white object under dim illumination appears lighter than a gray object under bright illumination is called

lightness constancy

What do feature detectors do?

lines, motion, curves in visual cortex

a sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear; these cues help individuals determine the

location of the source

great amplitude

loud sounds

long wavelength...

low frequency (reddish colors, low-pitched sounds)

the place theory of pitch perception cannot account for how we hear

low pitched sounds

longer wavelength

lower frequency, low pitched sounds

amplifies sound

middle ear

what is timbre?

mix of frequencies and amplitudes that make up quality of sound

when two unfamiliar objects of equal size cast unequal retinal images, the object that casts the smaller retinal image will be perceived as being

more distant than the other objectt

assuming that the visual systems of humans and other mammals function similarly, you would expect that the retina of a nocturnal mammal (one active only at night) would contain

mostly rods

what is parallel processing?

multitasking ability that lets our brain handle many aspects simultaneously

what is the volley principle?

neural cells can alternate firing is that they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 times per second

according to the opponent-process theory

neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited by another's

in the absence of perceptual constancy

objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed.

feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement; where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?

occipital cortex

i am a cell in the thalamus that is excited by red and inhibited by green, i am

opponent process cell

after staring at a green, black, and orange "american flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage; which of the following explains this phenomenon?

opponent process theory

the brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as color, depth, movement, and form, and works on each aspect simultaneously; this is called

parallel processing

as we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing; this is part of the phenomenon of

perceptual constancy

each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing; this is because of

perceptual constancy

although carpenter smith perceived a briefly viewed object as a screwdriver, police officer Wesson perceived the same object as a knife; this illustrates that perception is guided by

perceptual set

the phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual's expectations influence perception is called

perceptual set

In comparing the human eye to a camera, the film would be located in the eye's

retina

the transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the

retina

When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as

retinal disparity

all of the following are laws of perceptual organization except

retinal disparity

which of the following is not a monocular depth cue

retinal disparity

the receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the

rod

vision in dim light

rods

which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?

rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve

vestibular sense

semicircular canals

a decrease in sensory responsiveness accompanying an unchanging stimulus is called

sensory adaption

the principle that one sense may influence another is

sensory interaction

hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song; which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

short wavelength and high frequency

as you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller; despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking; this is an example of

size constancy

the phenomenon of size constancy is based on the close connection is between an objects perceived ___ and its perceived ___

size, distance

small amplitudes

soft sounds

outer ear

sound waves are channeled through auditory canal to the eardrum that vibrates

to maximize your sensitivity to fine visual detail you should

stare directly at the object

luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat; when Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move; which of the following concepts does the example illustrate?

stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals

a reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

the frequency theory of hearing is better than place theory at explaining our sensation of

the lowest pitches

what is difference threshold?

the minimum difference that a person can detect b/t two stimuli

what is absolute threshold?

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

what is sensation?

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimuli from the environment

what is perception?

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events

what is the frequency theory?

the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone so we can sense pitch; explains low pitched sounds

differences between the right and left ear

the right ear picks up more intense sound faster and better with speech, the left ear is more sensitive to music

the figure ground relationship has demonstrated that

the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception

julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound; which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?

the sound has a high-amplitude sound wave

why do humans have stereophonic or 3d hearing?

they have one ear on each side

___ processing refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception

top down

general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored

typically fail to recognize familiar objects

what do decibels measure?

units for sound energy

inner ear

vibrations from piston are transferred to the cochlea, the cochleas membrane vibrates and the liquid moves, which causes that bends the hair located in basilar membrane to trigger the acoustic nerve, sends messages to thalamus and auditory cortex

scott lost his vision at a young age; when he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again; after so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions; his visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the

visual cortex

one light may appear reddish and another greenish if they differ in

wavelength

what is the place theory?

we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane; explains high pitched


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