psych ch 1

Who conducted a research program on racial identity and self-concept issues for Black children that was cited in the 1954 Supreme Court decision to end racial segregation in public schools? a. Francis Sumner b. James Bayton c. Inez Prosser d. Kenneth and Mamie Clark e. none of the choices are correct

D

gestalt psychology

This school of thought began in Germany then came to the United States. there is a focus on learning and perception in the context of the real world, and a focus on the wholeness of experience.

humanism

This school of thought grew in opposition to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, and emphasized the wholeness of human nature and communicated the ability to overcome the past

Important personal papers by ____ have been misplaced for decades or more. a. Ebbinghaus b. Fechner c. Darwin d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

d

In the first years of psychology's emergence as a new discipline, which man determined its direction? a. James McKeen Cattell b. Edward Bradford Titchener c. The Unknown Soldier d. Wilhelm Wundt e. Thomas Kuhn

d

Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will be influenced by the ____. a. scientists' political beliefs b. scientists' religious beliefs c. policies of the government that funds that science's research d. contextual forces of the time e. amount of funding it receives

d

The school of thought that focuses on the processes of knowing and thus represents a return to the study of conscious processes is the ____ school. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. Gestalt d. cognitive e. humanistic

d

A school of thought emerges whenever ____. a. a group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems b. some person organizes and markets several compatible themes or practices, as did Wundt and Watson c. a group at a particular college or university focuses on a particular problem, such as the "Würzburg school" d. a college or university adopts a particular orientation, such as behaviorism at Harvard or the "Chicago school" of functionalism e. a college or university adopts a single methodology, such as the experimental psychology program at the University of Illinois

A

According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____. a. engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole b. been substantially more discriminatory against women than have other sciences c. been substantially more discriminatory against minorities than have other sciences d. focused on the reduction of discrimination since its beginnings e. None of the choices are correct

A

In what year was the American Psychological Association founded? a. 1892 b. 1932 c. 1952 d. 1969 e. 1979

A

Kenneth Clark was rejected by the graduate program in psychology at Cornell because the university ____. a. could not tolerate Blacks working closely with Whites b. had no dormitory facilities for Blacks c. had no dining facilities for Blacks d. could not have Black males working with White female graduate students e. would not confer the PhD on a Black person even if he or she completed the requisite coursework

A

Kuhn (1970) defines a paradigm as ____. a. an instance of agreement on theory and methodology by the science's practitioners. b. a model that describes a scientific phenomenon. c. a model that explains a scientific phenomenon. d. the reconciliation of disparate views on the proper subject matter of the field. e. the ultimate goal of any science but which is an ideal and will never be realized.

A

Modern psychology shares which of the following characteristics with ancient Greek philosophy? a. An interest in the same kinds of questions about human nature b. The development of common methods of research to answer questions about human nature c. A reliance upon biology to help in the understanding of human nature d. The denial that humans are composed of a physical body and a spiritual soul e. None of the choices are correct

A

Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the ____. a. relationships among psychology's ideas, theories, and research strategies b. contributions of the classic Greek philosophers c. origins of the experimental methods d. evolution of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical psychology e. issues at the root of the pure versus applied research conflict in psychology

A

The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its ____. a. methodology b. focus on learning c. focus on motivation d. focus on abnormal behavior e. use of deductive logic

A

When ____ enrolled as a graduate student at Clark University, the administration arranged a separate dining table for her/him. a. Francis Sumner b. Margaret Floy Washburn c. Kenneth Clark d. Mamie Clark e. Maslow

A

"The man makes the times," reflects which view of history? a. panpsychic b. personalistic c. naturalistic d. nativist e. regressive

B

The _____ theory would support the claim: "Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to undercover the human psyche." a. Zeitgeist b. personalistic c. naturalistic d. ortgeist e. evolution

B

Willhelm Wundt

Broadly known as the father of psychology, he defined what early psychology should be

Division ____ of the American Psychological Association is concerned with the study of the discipline's history. a. 1 b. 2 c. 26 d. 32 e. 42

C

Modern psychology emerged from philosophy approximately ____ years ago. a. 100 b. 150 c. 200 d. 250 e. 300

C

The first African American president of the APA was ____. a. Frances Cecil Sumner b. Charles Henry Turner c. Kenneth Clark d. Mamie Phipps Clark e. None of the choices are correct

C

What conclusions can be drawn from the study of the Invisible Gorilla? a. All psychology students can multitask when presented with multiple stimuli at one time b. Extraordinary events can induce extreme stress when presented to unsuspecting people c. It is difficult for people to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time d. Doing homework and watching television at the same time are as efficient as if the two are done separately e. Counting can be a difficult task when one is being watched

C

According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because ____. a. it helps us to understand why modern psychology has so many different movements b. it helps to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology c. it provides a fascinating story on its own d. All of the choices are correct e. None of the choices are correct

D

According to your text, it was so difficult for Jewish psychologists to get a job that some resorted to ____. a. only applying to traditionally Jewish colleges and universities b. changing their religion c. lying about their religion d. changing their name to something that didn't seem Jewish e. None of the choices are true

D

As a scientific discipline, psychology is ____. a. one of the newest b. one of the oldest c. the only one to have started in the United States d. one of the newest and one of the oldest e. None of the choices are correct

D

Currently, psychology ____. a. has reached the paradigmatic stage b. has been described as a sequence of failed paradigms c. may be more fragmented than at any time in its history d. has been described as a sequence of failed paradigms and may be more fragmented than at any time in its history e. None of the choices are correct

D

In Kuhn's philosophy of science, when Einstein's theory of relativity replaced Galilean-Newtonian physics, a(n) ____ occurred. a. Zeitgeist b. Ortgeist c. paradigm d. scientific revolution e. school of thought

D

Julian Rotter, a leading personality theorist was told that "____ simply could not get academic jobs, regardless of their credentials." a. African-Americans b. women c. graduates above the age of 50 d. Jews e. All of the choices are correct.

D

Psychology is unique among the sciences in its requirement that its students ____. a. have a minor in the natural sciences b. learn the experimental method c. use carefully controlled observations in its procedures d. study the history of psychology e. have a liberal arts background in the humanities

D

Until the last quarter of the 19th century, philosophers studied human nature using which of the following methods? a. speculation b. intuition c. generalizations d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

D

Which eminent historian called the process of replacing one paradigm with another a scientific revolution? a. E.G. Boring b. Gordon Allport c. Duane Schultz d. Thomas Kuhn e. John Garcia

D

As recently as the 1960s, why were some universities reluctant to admit women to their graduate programs in psychology? a. Their graduate admission scores were not as high as those of male applicants. b. Their personal lives, in terms of marriage and becoming pregnant, were viewed as obstacles that reduced the likelihood of completion of graduate school. c. In the opinion of some influential psychologists, some women would never amount to anything. d. There were too many female applicants. e. Their personal lives, in terms of marriage and becoming pregnant, were viewed as obstacles that reduced the likelihood of completion of graduate school and, in the opinion of some influential psychologists, some women would never amount to anything.

E

Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology, they still encountered many barriers to their success, such as ____. a. being barred from some laboratory facilities b. being prevented from using graduate library facilities c. being unable to eat in graduate cafeterias d. not being allowed to participate in some seminar topics e. All of the choices are correct

E

Greek philosophers studied issues involving ____. a. motivation b. abnormal behavior c. learning d. thought e. All of the choices are correct

E

Psychology is marked by diversity and divisiveness. The one aspect of the discipline that provides cohesiveness and a common ground for discourse is its ____. a. reliance on the experimental method in all its research b. focus on the study of overt behavior c. use of the hypothetico-deductive method d. national organizations (APA and APS) e. history

E

Psychoanalysis

Most associated with Freud, the focus on the unconscious mind, with application to therapy

lost data

Some historical data has become lost over time (John Watson burning his papers), and some is purposefully suppressed (Freud's biography downplaying his cocaine use).

self-serving data

The idea that historical participants are motivated to shape how they are presented. For example, in his autobiography Skinner wrote that he did nothing but work in graduate school. At the same time, his graduate student colleagues remember his ping-pong skills

historiography

The methods and techniques used to study history, shaped by the fact that the data of history (fragments of what has been left behind and found) are quite different than the data of science (which allows replication)

zeitgeist

The prevailing spirit of the times which influences the flow of new thought. Sometimes it is 'right' for an idea and more than one individual has the idea at once, such as Darwin and Wallace developing the theory of evolution independently. At other times it is 'wrong' for an idea, such as when the Scottish scientist Robert Whytt suggested the idea of the conditioned response in 1763.

Structuralism

The school of psychology most associated with Titchener, whereby conscious experience is dissected using introspection

Functionalism

The school of psychology that grew in opposition to structuralism, and like structuralism focused on conscious experiences as it relates to evolutionary adaptation. believe conscious experience should be studied as it happens, and the goal is to determine the utility of consciousness.

naturalism

This is the idea that science progresses not because of the work of extraordinary individuals, but rather because the time is ripe for the progression. The Zeitgeist, or intellectual climate, can be both accepting of new discoveries or can dampen a new discovery if it is too revolutionary

school of thought

When a group of psychologists agree on a subject of study, on methods to use, and approaches to psychology we can call this group a school of thought

A wave of employment possibilities in applied psychology in the first two decades of the 20th century was partly due to ____. a. 700% increases in public school enrollment b. more money being spent on defense than on education c. the rise of the Veteran's administration Hospital system d. less money being spent on education than on defense and welfare combined e. All of the choices are correct

a

The school of thought that deals with conscious experience as it is dependent on the experiencing person is the ____ school. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. Gestalt d. humanistic e. cognitive

a

The term "Zeitgeist" refers to ____. a. the intellectual and cultural climate of the times b. a German dessert c. the moment of discovery d. the moment of change in scientific revolutions e. a blizzard of activity

a

The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____. a. economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination b. famine, pestilence, and death c. theory, research, and application d. cognition, motivation, and effect e. social, political, and economic

a

To guard against self-serving data and to assess the truth of a person's recollections and reports of events in the history of psychology, the historian should, whenever possible, ____. a. collect data from other observers b. learn the language in which the person wrote c. read newspaper accounts of the events d. read others' research publications of that era e. reconstruct the event

a

Which contextual influence on psychology lead to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology? a. Demands generated by the world wars b. Emigration from Germany of the top psychologists when Hitler took power c. Prosperity of the 1920s and 1930s in the United States d. Psychological needs of combat pilots e. Need to provide education for an unexpected surge in the U.S. population

a

Which theory suggests that "the times make the person"? a. naturalistic b. personalistic c. nativist d. particularistic e. panpsychic

a

An "autobiography" of Jung was evidently written not by Jung but by an assistant who ____. a. slandered him personally b. altered and/or deleted some of Jung's writings to present him in a manner suiting his family and followers c. exaggerated the degree of the break between Freud and Jung d. expanded Jung's theories and attributed the expansion to Jung e. None of the choices are correct.

b

Freud's idea "Einfall" was translated to English into the term ____ which means something other than what Freud implied in the original German. a. rationalization b. free association c. penis envy d. dream analysis e. fixation

b

In contrast to the events that are studied in science, historical events cannot be ____. a. used to predict future outcomes b. repeated c. discovered d. analyzed and explained e. understood

b

Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways? a. Modern psychology is concerned with the study of mental processes such as learning, memory, and perception. Philosophy is concerned with the study of human nature. b. Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions. c. Modern psychology studies only the brain. Philosophy studies only the mind. d. Modern psychology is based upon the use of inductive reasoning. Philosophy is based upon the use of deductive reasoning. e. None of the choices are correct.

b

The approach of the historian of psychology is similar to the approach taken by ____ in the study of their field. a. physicists b. archaeologists c. chemists d. economists e. None of the choices are correct.

b

The contextual forces in psychology deal with the ____. a. paradigms that exist in modern psychology. b. social, economic, and political factors that influenced the field. c. great individuals who have developed psychology. d. attempt of psychology to separate itself from other disciplines such as physiology. e. None of the choices are correct.

b

The school of thought that deals solely with observable behaviors that can be described in objective terms is the ____ school. a. structuralist b. behaviorist c. Gestalt d. cognitive e. humanistic

b

The school of thought that deals with how the conscious mind enables and facilitates one's adaptation to one's environment is the ____ school. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. Gestalt d. humanistic e. cognitive

b

The school of thought that is distinct in its focus on the role of the unconscious in determining behavior is the ____ school. a. functionalist b. psychoanalytic c. behaviorist d. Gestalt e. cognitive

b

The stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought is called ____. a. paradigmatic b. preparadigmatic c. revolutionary d. a scientific revolution e. messy

b

The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud's ideas, are examples of ____. a. suppressed data b. data distorted by translation c. eyewitness errors d. lost data e. distortions intended to protect Freud's reputation

b

The various schools of thought in psychology have served well as systems to be opposed. In each case, ____ was the consequence. a. a new paradigm b. a new school of thought c. absorption into the mainstream d. a new and unique methodology e. a new definition of "mind"

b

Which psychologist burned his/her own letters, manuscripts, and research notes before s/he died? a. B. F. Skinner b. John Watson c. Karen Horney d. Sigmund Freud e. Margaret Washburn

b

A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the ____. a. great number of psychologists Wundt trained b. political context of Europe c. economic context of the United States d. fact that the first generation of American psychologists learned all their courses in German and thus could not practice Wundt's psychology e. political context of the United States

c

Darwin and Wallace developed similar theories of evolution independently; Newton and Leibnitz developed the calculus independently; Twitmyer discovered "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov did. Such independent discoveries are attributed to which theory? a. syncopated b. personalistic c. naturalistic d. Ortgeist e. evolution

c

In the 1970s, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because ____. a. his work challenged the cognitive psychology school of thought b. his work was regarded as poorly done c. his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) learning theory d. journal editors tend to accept findings that contradict or oppose current thinking e. All of the choices are correct

c

On the basis of the destruction associated with World War I, Freud proposed that ____. a. humans have the ability to survive any catastrophe b. the defense mechanisms are used by humans to distort reality c. humans have an instinct for aggression d. the id is stronger than the ego in controlling behavior e. None of the choices are correct

c

Psychology became an independent discipline during the ____. a. Renaissance b. last quarter of the eighteenth century c. last quarter of the nineteenth century d. first decade of the nineteenth century e. first decade of the twentieth century

c

Simultaneous discovery favors which view of history? a. dynamic b. personalistic c. naturalistic d. recurrent e. syncopated

c

Skinner's self-discipline as a student and Freud's being ignored and rejected early in his career indicated that ____. a. biographers disregard the real events in favor of fantasy b. data of history are true in their original versions c. participants may themselves produce biased accounts d. translations errors account for most misinterpretations e. All of the choices are correct

c

The editors and editorial boards of journals in psychology are composed of people eminent in their specialty areas and likely to subscribe to tradition and their own viewpoints. Thus, new knowledge may not be published if it is revolutionary. This situation illustrates which theory? a. Zeitgeist b. personalistic c. naturalistic d. Ortgeist e. evolution

c

The hallmark of psychology's separation from philosophy was its reliance on ____. a. physics b. biology c. experimentation d. deduction e. psychophysics

c

The historical treatment of Freud's impact upon psychology is still incomplete because ____. a. he changed his ideas so many times b. many of his most important works have not been translated into English c. many of his papers and letters will not be publicly available until later in the 21st century d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

c

The school of thought that focuses on learning and perception and emphasizes the combination of elements to produce new patterns is the ____ school. a. structuralist b. behaviorist c. Gestalt d. cognitive e. Würzburg

c

The term historiography refers to ____. a. historical biography b. methods used in psychological autopsy c. the techniques, principles, and issues involved in historical research d. the scientific study of history e. the study of the history of psychology

c

At least one of Freud's biographers downplayed the extent of Freud's cocaine use. This is an example of ____. a. suppressed data b. data distorted by translation c. lost data d. errors of eyewitnesses e. a misrepresentation intended to protect Freud's reputation

e

History ignores the work of the majority of ____. a. women b. African-Americans c. Jews d. white men e. all psychologists

e

The data of history are most accurately depicted or described as ____. a. public records b. private records c. eyewitness testimony d. recollections e. data fragments

e

The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ____. a. philosophy and ethics b. philosophy and physics c. physics and biology d. physics and physiology e. philosophy and physiology

e

The school of thought that emphasizes the study of conscious experience and the wholeness of human nature is the ____ school. a. structuralist b. behaviorist c. Gestalt d. cognitive e. humanistic

e

Paradigm

is an accepted way of thinking in a particular discipline. In physics, for example, Einstein's theories are broadly accepted. This is in contrast to psychology, where there is no broadly accepted psychological ideology.

personalistic psychology

the idea that the skills and discoveries of specific individuals is what creates new information