PSYCH CH 3

Our personal system of mental shortcuts is the definition of _____________

heuristics

In one study where teachers were videotaped talking to, or about, unseen students, it took a _____ clip to determine if the teachers viewed the student as a good or poor. A) 5-minute B) 2-minute C) 10-second D) 1-minute

C) 10-second

Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions? A) Teach statistics courses focused on everyday logic B) Demonstrate good and bad logic with concrete examples C) Distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions D) Create memorable and useful slogans about biases

C) Distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking? A) Reflective B) Conscious C) Impulsive D) Deliberate

C) Impulsive

Sally met Samuel at a party and really enjoyed his company. When Sally learned Samuel lived in a poor neighborhood, she began to develop ______ impressions of him. A) fulfilling B) wonderful C) false D) fantasy

C) false

When Jason is seen yelling at Joan, people think Jason is an angry person. This is not necessarily true, but it happens with a phenomenon called spontaneous trait ______. A) internalization B) interrogation C) inference D) independence

C) inference

Heuristics can be defined as ______ shortcuts. A) macro B) micro C) mental D) millimeter

C) mental

Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes. A) resurfacing B) revaluing C) reconstructing D) resurrecting

C) reconstructing

________________ effect occurs when one incorporates wrong information into a memory after witnessing an event and attaining wrong, misleading information about it.

Misinformation

When the persistence of one's initial conceptions are discredited, but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives, this persistence is identified as ____________ _____________.

belief perseverance

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception is identified as confirmation _________.

bias

You have an appointment with someone and they are late. You are more likely to use a ________________ attribution to explain why they are late.

dispositional

According to Fritz Heider's attribution theory (1958), _______________ attribution assumes behavior is due to a person's traits and personality, whereas ________________ attribution assumes behavior is due to the situation or environment.

dispositional; situational

The perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists is the definition of an ______________ correlation.

illusory

Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as _______________ judgment.

intuitive/snap

Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds ____________

overconfidence

The awakening or activating of certain associations is the definition of _____________

priming

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called __________-___________ ___________ .

self-fulfilling prophecy

When we assume that other people's actions are the same as their intentions and dispositions, we are inferring _________________.

traits/attributes

__________________ is ascribing a behavior to the wrong source.

Misattribution

Using the belief perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations? (Select all that apply) A) Firefighter B) Computer programmer C) College professor D) Police officer

A) Firefighter, and D) Police officer

To avoid the camera perspective bias, upon whom or what should a confession videotape be focused? A) It should focus equally on the suspect and the law enforcement officer. B) the suspect C) a blank wall D) the law enforcement officer

A) It should focus equally on the suspect and the law enforcement officer.

Most students underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating? (Select all that apply) A) Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc. B) CEO overconfidence in which one individual decides all the major decisions and judgments of the corporation. C) Planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have. D) Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average.

A) Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc., C) Planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have., and D) Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average.

Within attribution theory, people explain others' behaviors by trying to find a cause for those behaviors. Which of the following are possible causes? (Select all that apply) A) Traits B) Past behaviors C) Attitudes D) Motives

A) Traits, C) Attitudes, and D) Motives

In an experiment, people anticipated interacting with another person of a different race. When led to believe that the other person disliked interacting with someone from their race, they felt more ______. A) anger B) satisfaction C) compassion D) kindness

A) anger

We tend to see our worlds through _______ glasses. A) belief-tinted B) looking-self C) stigmatization D) sunglasses

A) belief-tinted

We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it. A) construe B) intellectualize C) externalize D) confabulate

A) construe

Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking. A) counterfactual B) contractual C) conclusive D) conductive

A) counterfactual

Joey placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. Joey is demonstrating ______ thinking. A) counterfactual B) conditioning C) rationalization D) reality

A) counterfactual

Eyewitness testimony is based on the concept that our construction of memory is ______. A) exact B) vague C) fuzzy D) unreliable

A) exact

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability _______. A) heuristic B) thinking C) achievement D) opening

A) heuristic

Being the person who actually rolls the dice or spins the wheel while gambling have higher confidence than if they are just watching someone roll the dice or spin the wheel. What phenomena explains this? A) illusory control B)counterfactual thinking C) regression toward the average D) empowerment

A) illusory control

Dan had a feeling he should buy Apple stock, and it proved to be an excellent choice. His decision was based on a "gut feeling" instead of logic or reasoning. This feeling is an example of ______ judgment. A) intuitive B) informational C) initial D) imaginative

A) intuitive

Jack and Jill are having problems in their marriage. One night, Jack is actually working late, but Jill is sure he is out with another woman instead. Jill is demonstrating ______. A) misattribution B) self-handicapping C) mere exposure D) narcissism

A) misattribution

When one overestimates the accuracy of one's beliefs, one is displaying ______. A) overconfidence B) under-confidence C) introversion D) extroversion

A) overconfidence

Activating particular associations in memory is ______. A) priming B) pasting C) practicing D) participating

A) priming

Kiley is attending college to be a nurse. As she learns of high blood pressure she starts to worry about the headache she has experienced. This can happen due to ______. A) priming B) meditation C) medication D) planning

A) priming

John is a 23-year-old male who is an atheist and a drug user. You are asked to guess what kind of music he likes. You guess heavy metal music. Your guess is based on the _____ heuristic. A) representativeness B) availability C) stereotype D) base rate

A) representativeness

Jake's teacher kept telling him he could get an A in the class. His teacher helped Jake believe in himself and he did get the grade. Jake accomplished his ______-fulfilling prophecy. A) self B) internal C) intrinsic D) extrinsic

A) self

Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will ______. (Select all that apply) A) set higher standards for them B) call on them more often for answers C) spend more time with low achievers D) look and smile at them more

A) set higher standards for them, B) call on them more often for answers, and D) look and smile at them more

When we have acted badly, we are more likely to attribute our behavior to the ______. A) situation B) perspective C) traits D) personality

A) situation

When we see our behaviors as intentional and admirable we attribute this to our own good reasons, not to the _______. A) situation B) outcome C) world D) environment

A) situation

A student fails a test and the teacher tries to guess what happened. According to attribution theory, which potential causes below are dispositional (and not situational)? (Select all that apply) A) The student was sick. B) The student is not intelligent. C) The student was distracted by something happening at home or work. D) The student did not care about the test and thus didn't study.

B) The student is not intelligent., and D) The student did not care about the test and thus didn't study.

In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant _____. A) acting in a shy, non-committal manner B) acting in a hostile, aggressive manner C) acting in a friendly, cooperative manner D) refusing to play the game at all

B) acting in a hostile, aggressive manner

The theory of how people explain another's behavior by assuming it was caused by either internal or external reasons is identified as ______. A) accessibility B) attribution C) accountability D) assessment

B) attribution

When a person's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to validate their expectations it is indicative of _______. A) verbal communication B) behavioral confirmation C) conforming altruism D) attribution constancy

B) behavioral confirmation

Ms. Johnson, a teacher, believes that Sheila's poor spelling test grade is due to Sheila's lack of motivation and low ability. Ms. Johnson is making a _______ attribution for the test grade. A) dysfunctional B) dispositional C) distributive D) debilitation

B) dispositional

David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking. (Select all that apply) A) deliberate B) impulsive C) automatic D) controlled

B) impulsive, and C) automatic

Repeated findings in experiments show that when witnessing an event and then repeatedly receiving misleading information about that event, an individual will incorporate the errors into his or her memory. This is referred to as the ______ effect. A) confabulation B) misinformation C) eye-witnessed D) deja vu

B) misinformation

Mitchell, Thompson, and colleagues report that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them, a phenomenon called _____. A) the pleasure principle B) rosy retrospection C) misremembering D) bright memories

B) rosy retrospection

Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). These actions are an example of ______. A) self-fulfilling prophesy B) the illusion of control C) histrionic personality D) mere exposure

B) the illusion of control

Behavioral confirmation is a form of ________ when individuals' social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. A) attribution bias B) performing prediction C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) participating paradox

C) self-fulfilling prophecy

Aaron's parents are going through a divorce, and his grades are going down. This is due to the physical and social circumstances in his life, a ______ attribution. A) sensual B) satisfaction C) situational D) sensational

C) situational

A teacher divides her class into groups of four students and randomly chooses one of them to write review questions for an upcoming exam. The student who writes the questions then quizzes the other three students in each group. Afterward, everyone in class agrees that the students who wrote the questions are the smartest. This error in logic is a result of not taking the situation into account, otherwise known as A) the availability heuristic B) regression toward the average C) the fundamental attribution error D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

C) the fundamental attribution error

In recent months, national media spent a lot of time on stories about gays and lesbians. Yesterday, you conducted a poll asking people to estimate what percent of Americans are gay and lesbian. They results indicate that people estimated 23% are gay and lesbian but actually only about 4.1% identify as gay or lesbian. Why did people overestimate this percent? A) Cultural bias B) Representativeness heuristic C) Cognitive bias D) Availability heuristic

D) Availability heuristic

In most trials, evidence of a confession is videotaped from an earlier police interview. The view in the tape usually focuses exclusively on the confessor, not other people in the room (such as police). This fact is sometimes called the _____ bias. A) angled view B) suspect focus C) police absence D) camera perspective

D) camera perspective

Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias. A) construction B) cooperative C) collaborative D) confirmation

D) confirmation

Colton was told to eat his cereal and he would grow big muscles. Colton ate his cereal and checked his "growing" muscles in the mirror daily. Colton is experiencing an illusory _______. A) milestone B) movement C) untruth D) correlation

D) correlation

Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking. A) conductive B) contractual C) conclusive D) counterfactual

D) counterfactual

On the first day of class you are the second person to enter the classroom. The other person does not acknowledge that you came in the door and you think, "how rude." The next few times you enter the classroom the other person says hello, smiles, and engages you in conversation and you find this person quite pleasant. Your initial impression was a(n) _____. A) idealization B) situational attribution C) behavioral confirmation D) false impression

D) false impression

Jessica was told that "blonds have more fun" so she colored her hair blond and actually believed she was meeting more people and that her social life improved. Jessica is an example of ______ thinking. A) dependent B) independent C) voluntary D) illusory

D) illusory

Sam is asked to testify in a court hearing as an eyewitness to a robbery. Sam's testimony is relying on his construction of ______. A) mind B) microorganisms C) multiple activities D) memory

D) memory

Attributing a behavior to the wrong source is identified as ______. A) misappropriation B) misappointment C) misapplication D) misattribution

D) misattribution

In collectivist cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of ______ dispositions. A) fundamental B) situational C) uncontrollable D) personal

D) personal

Barb was home alone watching a scary movie. Barb had trouble sleeping as all of the house sounds kept her awake. Barb was affected through _____. A) robberies B) burglars C) storms D) priming

D) priming

Robyn Dawes, Richard Nisbett, and Lee Ross all agree that what is needed to reduce errors in our social thinking is, at heart, to _____. A) rely on statistics B) focus on the inner self C) rely on instinct D) teach

D) teach

Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive than Westerners are to the importance of situations, and therefore are less likely to commit the _____________ attribution error.

fundamental

When observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences of another's behavior, they are committing the _______________ attribution error.

fundamental

When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is ______________.

near

The tendency to be more confident than correct is identified as the ________________ phenomenon.

overconfident

According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to ____________ their abilities.

overestimating

The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of _________________ heuristics.

representativeness