psych ch. 3

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream, not the hidden or latent content

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

sleep

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly in REM sleep, often at inopportune times

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person, the hypnotist, suggests to another, the sunject, that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

dissociation

a split between different levels of consciousness

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language).

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

disinhibition

the urge you feel if you are sober are the ones you will more likely act upon when intoxicated

REM rebound

this happens almost immediately after being awakened several time and deprived from sleep

latent content

unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly

At about age 20 (slightly earlier for women), we begin to shift from being evening-energized________ to being morning-loving "larks".

"owls"

alcohol accounts for _______ or less of beverage use.

1/6

Your 5 senses take in __________bits of information per second of which you consciously process about 40.

11,000,000

each cigarette smoked takes ________ minutes off of your life

12

If our natural circadian rhythm were attuned to a ____ hour cycle, would we instead need to discipline ourselves to stay up later at night and sleep in longer in the morning.

23

Past the age of _____ the casual use of illegal drugs virtually ceases.

35

Cellphone users were ______ times more at risk for a crash than any non cellphone users.

4

Most people pass through the ___ state sleep cycle several times, with the periods of stage 4 sleep and then stage 3 sleep diminishing and REM sleep periods increasing in duration.

5

in a 2001 poll, _______ percent of men, but only 47 percent of women said they got enough sleep.

61

National Highway Traffic Safety Board estimates that almost ___ percent of vehicle crashes involve drive distraction.

80

Horses, which spend ______92 percent of each day standing and can sleep standing, must lie down for REM sleep.

92

________ lowers our inhibitions, slows neural processing, disrupts memory formation, and reduces self-awareness.

Alcohol

What is the "dual processing"being revealed by today's cognitive neuroscience?

Cognitive neuroscientists and other studying the brain mechanisms underlying consciousness and cognition have discovered a two-track human mind, each with its own neural processing. This dual processing affects our perception, memory, and attitudes at an explicit, conscious level and at an implicit, unconscious level.

How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams?

Our internal biological rhythms create periodic physiological fluctuations. The circadian rhythm's 24-hour cycle regulates our daily schedule of sleeping and waking, in part in response to lift on the retina, triggering alterations in the level of sleep-inducing melatonin. Shifts in schedules can reset our biological.

How does sleep loss affect us?

Sleep deprivation causes fatigue and impairs concentration, creativity, an communication. It also can lead to obesity, hypertension, a suppressed immune system, irritability, and slowed performance. More accidents.

What is sleep's function?

Sleep may have played a protective role in human evolution by keeping people safe during potentially dangerous periods. Sleep also gives the brain time to heal, as it restores and repairs damaged neurons. During sleep, we restore and rebuild memories of the day's experiences. A good night's sleep promotes creative problem-solving the next day. Finally, sleep encourages growth; the pituitary gland secretes a growth hormone in Stage 4 sleep.

Percent drinking weekly or more:

U.S. - 30% Canada - 40% Britain - 58%

What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?

We cycle through five sleep stages in about 90 minutes. Leaving the alpha waves of awake, realized stage, we descend into traditional Stage 1 sleep. often with the sensation of falling or floating. Stage 2 sleep, in which we spend the most time, follows about 20 minutes later, with its characteristic sleep spindles. Then follow Stages 3 & 4, together lasting about 30 minutes, with large slow delta waves. Reversing course, we retrace our path, but with one difference: About an hour after falling asleep, we begin periods of REM (rapid eye movement).

How much information do we consciously attend to at once?

We selectively attend to, and process, a very limited aspect coming information, blocking out most, often shifting the spotlight of our attention from one thing to another. The limits of our attention contribute to car and pedestrian accounts. We even display inattention blindness to events and changes in our visual world.

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

physical dependence

a physiological need to a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

hallucination

a sensory experience that occurs without a sensory stimulus

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

An authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people - hypnotized or not to perform some unlikely ___.

acts

near death experience

an out-of=body sensation and seeing or traveling toward a bright light believed to be a products of a brain under stress

In 1989, Michael Doucette was name the Safest Driving Teen, but in 1990 while driving home from college, he fell ________ at the wheel, killing himself and the 2 people in the other car. He was not taught that sleep deprivation can cause a dangerous situation for drivers.

asleep

Accidents increase on the Monday in Spring right after Daylight Savings Time _______.

begins

Magicians exploit our _________ by selectively riveting our attention on one hand's dramatic act with inattention to the change accomplished by the other hand.

change blindness

addiction

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

Most 20-year-olds are owls, with performance improving across the _______.

day

ironic sleep ______ alters metabolic and hormonal functioning in ways that mimic aging are conducive to hypertension and memory impairment.

debt

hallucinogens

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input EX: LSD, ecstasy, marijuana chemically similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin

warning signs of alcohol dependence

drinking binges regretting things done or said when drunk feeling low or guilty after drinking failing to honor a resolve to drink less drinking to alleviate depression ro anxiety avoiding family or friends when drinking

stimulants

drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy, excite neural activity and speed up body functions

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body function

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; after time they can leave the user with permanently depressed functioning. This drug is highly addictive and can cause seizures, social isolation, depression and violent outbursts

natural alternatives to avoid insomnia

exercise, but not in the late evening avoid caffeine after afternoon relax before bedtime sleep on a regular schedule hide the face of the clock, so you aren't looking at it

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Hypnotically "Refreshed" memories combine fact with ___________.

fiction

researchers who see dreams as information processing believe that dreams may help sift, sort and _______ the day's experiences in our memory.

fix

During stage 1 sleep you may experiences fantastic images resembling ____________.

hallucinations

posthypnotic suggestions

have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders

Any food that causes you to awaken more _______ your chance of recalling a dream.

increases

Marijuana

its major active ingredient is THC it causes an amplified sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes and smells; its effects can linger in the body for a month or more the more a person uses marijuana, the greats the risk of anxiety, depression or schizophrenia

the biological clock

light striking the retina signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the pineal gland's production of the sleep hormone melatonin. At night, the SCN quiets down, allowing the pineal gland to release melatonin into the bloodstream.

sleep deprivation can make us vulnerable to _______.

obesity

Most _________ adults are larks, with performance declining as the day wears on.

older

Retirement homes are typically _______ by mid-evening; in university dorms, the day is far from over.

quiet

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also, known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

During a normal night's sleep, periods of ages 3 & 4 sleep __________ and REM sleep lengthens.

shorten

Dolphins,porpoises and whales ______ with one side of their brain at a time.

sleep

Psychologists have discovered a treatment that strengthens memory, increases concentration, boost mood, moderates hunger and obesity, fortifies disease-fighting immune system, and lessens the risk of fatal accidents - _______.

sleep

People rarely __________ during dreams. When REM starts, snoring stops.

snore

rapid eye movements

stir the liquid behind the cornea; this delivers fresh oxygen to corneal cells, preventing their suffocation

circadian rhytym

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle.

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

Social networks influence ___________________.

whether or not a person stops drinking, smoking or using drugs

Can hypnosis alleviate pain.

yes, it can.

cocktail party effect

your ability to attend to only one voice among many; this focused listening comes at a cost, so if you hear something said in your left ear, then you won't hear anything in the right ear that is spoken at the same time