Psych ch 4

higher order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

law and effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus (NS)

does not initially elicit a response

Animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it.

false

Animals learn only when rewards are given.

false

Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them.

false

Lowly animals, like sea slugs, behave by instinct and are incapable of learning.

false

Negative reinforcement is another term for punishment.

false

Psychologists agree that punishment, regardless of its form, has little effect on behavior.

false

The study of inner thoughts, feelings, and motives has always occupied a central place in psychology.

false

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

partial reinforcement/punishment

modifying behavior using a portion of a reinforcer/punisher

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

observational learning

occurs by watching others

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

intermittent reinforcement/punishment

rewarding/punishing behavior only some of the time

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

A person can be more readily conditioned to dislike a particular food than to dislike the place where the food was eaten.

true

Research indicates that televised violence leads to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch the programs.

true

With training, pigeons can be taught to discriminate between Bach's music and Stravinsky's.

true

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval