PSYCH CH 6
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
stimulus generalization
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination
conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior
vicarious punishment
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
Which of the following is an example of latent learning
remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commut
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?
he is considered the founder of behaviorism
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
partial
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolma
According to Albert Bandura, ______
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
in ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
extinction
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________
increases
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
instincts
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _______
negative reinforcement
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification
________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.
John B. Watson
identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned response
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.
spontaneous recovery
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
Emotions can be a conditioned response.
Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?
He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent
The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."
if the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior _______
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another characte
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement
continuous
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this
fixed interval
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
latent learning
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning
observational
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use
partial
in operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic
the name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
he is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
he is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this
continuous
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus)
unconditioned response
