psych ch 6

memories for general facts and personal information are called

declarative memories

which of the following is true about memories?

different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories

if one wanted to use the best method to get storage into long-term memory, one would use

elaborative rehearsal

when someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into nerual messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. this process is called:

encoding

remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ______________ memories

episodic

declarative memories are to _______________ as non-declarative memories are to _________________

explicit memories; implicit memories

it is thought that long-term memory never can get filled up. the term used to describe the capacity of long term memory is

unlimited

iconic memory is to echoic memory as

visual is to auditory

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs

within the first hour after learning new material

the levels-of-processing model would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

would it be found in a pond

what "magic number" did miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory

7

according to primacy and recency effects, when reading the chapters of the textbook, you are most likely to forget

the information at the middle of the chapter

when the given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember

the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list

when the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies about false events as true memories,

they must be plausible

as memories get older, they're most likely

to become changed or altered in some fashion

the most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been

Loftus

in this view, memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding. this view is called

constructive processing

Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called

anterograde amnesia

in the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning

are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

the best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in the

biology classroom

Jenny fins that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments, such as the first three digits, then the next two, and then the final four, each of these short segments of the number are called

chucks

bits of information are combined into meaningful unite so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of

chuncking

someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you attend to that person. this is an example of

cocktail party effect

what are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)

elaborative and maintenance

your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing on 9/11 would be most appropriately termed a _______________ memory

flashbulb

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called

flashbulb memories

in the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer

form new memories

you are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus. what might this researcher ask you to do?

listen to me: BEC, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said

which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery

photograph

evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the

prefrontal lobes of the cortex

you start using Firefox, then change to explorer because your company demands that browsers be microsoft products. if you have trouble with explorer, it is most likely due to

proactive interference

which type of long term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer's disease

procedural

Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten

quickly at first, then tapers off gradually

memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. they are ______________.

receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing information, and retrieving the information from storage

maintenance rehearsal is defined as

repeating some bit of new information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Brandon finished his term paper and handed it in. as he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper

retrieval

Jes is taking an exam in history class. on the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the trans-caspian war. Jes remembered four of them, she knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Jes is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembered the fifth point, but it is too late. Jes had a problem with

retrieval

someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the US, but you can't remember. to aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. in this situation, the hint acted as an

retrieval cue

Nat has two exams today. one is in italian and the other in biology. last night she studied italian before biology. When gets to her italian test, all she can remember is biology! Nat's memory is suffering from

retroactive interference

Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this, he is given electroconvulsive therapy. after treatment, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Malcolm thinks that last year's episodes of his favorite series are new. Malcolm is showing signs of

retrograde amnesia

information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of

selective attention

a display of 12 letters is flashed on the screen in front of you followed by a tone. you attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. what aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess

sensory memory

the fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in

sensory memory

decay theory works well to explain forgetting in

sensory memory and short-term memory

the three parts of the information processing model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

the fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the

serial position effect

which of the following pairings would result in the best overall memory.

serious during learning and serious during recall

retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as

severe is to mild

the duration of iconic memory is _________ than echoic memory. iconic memory capacity is probably ___________ echoic memory capacity

shorter; longer than