Psych: Ch. 6/7 LearnSmart
What refers to arranging or grouping information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered?
chunking
___ psychology is the study of thought, language, memory, and reasoning.
cognitive
When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects and events is called a(n) ___.
concept
moving from the general to the specific
deductive reasoning
___ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.
dyslexia
According to levels of processing, the process of ___ involves 3 levels.
encoding
2 subtypes of explicit memory
episodic and semantic
2 strategies in problem solving
heuristics and algorithms
a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols
language
3 levels of autobiographical memories
life time periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ___ systems in memory.
3
All of the following are aspects of thinking, EXCEPT... A) physically manipulating objects B) reflecting critically or creatively C) making decisions D) forming concepts
A (physically manipulating objects)
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are traits of intellectually gifted people? A) academically advanced B) IQ of 130 or above C) major creators of new domains of expertise D) socially maladjusted E) socially well-adjusted F) superior talent in a particular area
A, B, E, F (academically advanced, IQ of 130 or above, socially well-adjusted, and superior talent in a particular area)
The ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast is known as ___ intelligence.
analytical
A special form of episodic memory is ___ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.
autobiographical
Life time periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge are all levels of ___ memory.
autobiographical
___ is the term for meaningless speechlike sounds utter by infants.
babble
When considering the ___ influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is a very recent human ability.
biological
___ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
concepts
Explicit memory is the ___ recollection of information such as facts and events.
conscious
evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
decision making
Explicit memory is sometimes referred to as ___ memory.
declarative
Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of...
elaboration
When ___ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.
elaboration
Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?
encoding
The initial recording of information into memory is called...
encoding
___ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.
encoding
Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of ___ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
episodic
___ memory has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic.
explicit
True or False? Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.
false
True or False? The heritability of intelligence is static across the lifespan.
false (The heritability of intelligence increases from childhood to adulthood - from as low as 22% in childhood to as high as 75% in adulthood.)
True or False? There are 5 levels of processing in the encoding process.
false (there are 3)
Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on...
forgetting
Estimates of ___ can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors.
heritability
In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental ___ to remember the necessary route.
imagery
When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of...
imagery
You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of ___ memory.
implicit
___ memory is related to prior experience and non-conscious memory.
implicit
memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience
implicit
___ reasoning is reasoning from the specific to the general.
inductive
moving from the specific to the general or from the bottom up
inductive reasoning
the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules
infinite generativity
Many people think of ___ in terms of reasoning and thinking skills, but a broader definition is that it is an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.
intelligence
Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences is known as ___.
intelligence
Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before ___ emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals.
language
We use ___, symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules to communicate our ideas.
language
___ is a communication system that follows rules of syntax and grammar.
language
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is ___ memory.
long-term
Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities is known as...
mindfulness
a language's rules for word formation
morphology
Encoding failure occurs when the information was...
never entered into long-term memory
a location of neural activity
node
Long-term memory is a ___ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.
permanent
Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he has forgotten to bring his list. "Oh well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the ___ effect.
primacy
In terms of the effects of serial position, the ___ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.
primacy
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of ___ memory.
procedural
Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with ___ memory.
prospective
memory for intentions
prospective
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as ___. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.
reasoning
___ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ___ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.
recall; recognition
What describes being able to remember items that are at the end of the list, not the beginning?
recency
The ____ bump is a discovery about autobiographical memory where adults remember more events from the second and third decades of life than from other decades.
reminiscence
memory is defined as the...
retention of information or experience over time
Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he write down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ___ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.
retrieval
___ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.
retrieval
the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage
retrieval
the term that refers to a type of interference that occurs when material learned later disrupts the retrieval of material learned earlier
retroactive
A(n) ___ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.
schema
the term that refers to a type of interference that occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later
proactive
Jon hasn't ridden a bike for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of ___ memory.
procedural
___ allows us to remember how to ride a bike or drive a car.
procedural
memory for how to perform skills and tasks
procedural
The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is ___ memory.
prospective
____ memory is of the past, not the future.
retrospective
memory for information in the past
retrospective
a schema for an event
script
___ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.
selective
Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of...
selective attention
the meanings of words and sentences in a particular language
semantics
___ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
sensory
The 3 stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ___ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
sensory
You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. The describes the limitations of ___ - ___ memory.
short-term
What holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?
sensory memory
___ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
short-term
Gary has decided to relandscape his front yard. He's set some deadlines for himself: by Tuesday, he wants to have the weeds pulled, and by Friday, he wants to have the new plants in. Gary is using ___ in reaching his goal of a new front yard.
subgoals
Marie's dorm room is a total mess, and Marie is so overwhelmed, she doesn't know how to fix it. Marie's older sister tells her to start by putting dirty clothes in the hamper and folding the clean ones, and then to move on to putting away books and papers. Marie's sister is using ___ to help Marie solve her problem.
subgoals
Cognitive psychology is the study of...
thought, language, memory, and reasoning
Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that...
there is no one memory center in the brain
___ involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.
thinking
A test (such as an IQ test) that accurately measures what it is intended to measure is highly ___.
valid
What refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure?
validity
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What are some traits of those who are intellectually gifted? A) conservative B) introverted C) socially awkward D) higher than normal IQ E) well-adjusted
D, E (higher than normal than IQ and well-adjusted)