PSYCH CH7

What is NOT an example of learning?

A woman reflexively pulls back her hand from a hot burner.

Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____.

automatic; deliberate

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Latent learning is:

learning that is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to perform the behavior.

For conditioning to occur, a(n) ____________ must repeatedly come before a(n) unconditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus (NS)

Four years ago, Acme Tool and Die included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers started receiving quarterly bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at the company has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of:

operant conditioning

_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

spontaneous recovery

In the 1990s, singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette titled a song, "You Learn." Presumably, Morissette meant that people:

Aquire new behaviors through experience

Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.

_____ was the scientist whose experiments with dogs led to the discovery of classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following strategies would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl, but let her stay home once in a while.

Which statement is NOT a possible consequence of using physical punishment to change children's behavior?

Punished behavior changes behavior in all situations, and the change is long lasting.

Baby May is 12 months of age. Which statement is an example of the MOST sophisticated ability of which May is probably capable?

When her mother turns to look at the television screen, May can also turn and look at the screen.

If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:

associative learning

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____________ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them.

antisocial

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called:

cognitive learning

Kate has a kind of picture in her head of her hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks such as rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n):

cognitive map

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of the white rat was the _____ response.

conditioned

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a _____ stimulus.

conditioned

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

conditioned response (CR)

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS)

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend viewing violence, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

correlation does not prove causation

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

correlation does not prove causation

In continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____, whereas in partial or intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the conditioned response.

fear of the white rat

B. F. Skinner believed that future "machines and textbooks" could promote effective learning because they would allow for both:

individualized learning and immediate reinforcement.

Marcus is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a premed program at a competitive university. Marcus is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Prolonged exposure to TV violence leads viewers to experience:

less sympathy for victims of violence on TV and to become less upset by the sight of real-life violence.

Joey watches his older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother served as a _____ for Joey.

model

Kole works at hammering a nail with his toy hammer as his father hammers deck boards into place. Kole's behavior is a clear example of:

modeling

As compared with the time they spend in school, children in developed nations spend _____ time watching television.

more

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observational behavior

Children who have fathers who are incarcerated for committing violent crimes are at high risk for following the same path in life, unless children are adopted near the time of their birth. Then, they are no more at risk for violence than the average child. This difference in outcome can be attributed to:

observational learning

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

operant

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon, the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:

operant conditioning

Peggy has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes into work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

positive

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children with autism spectrum disorder, a therapist might squirt water at them whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a biological predisposition to learn particular associations.

preparedness

Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior.

respondent

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:

seemingly justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

Art is trying to train his dog to do a trick. First, he gives his dog a treat for paying attention. Next, he gives his dog a treat for beginning the trick. Each time the dog gets closer to performing the trick, Art gives him a treat. Rewarding successive approximations toward behavior is known as:

shaping

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

shaping

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had grown to associate the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea BEST illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Michelle experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

Newton ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill immediately after eating the pizza. Years later, Newton still feels queasy when he sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. Newton has developed a(n):

taste aversion

In his work on taste aversion, John Garcia gave novel food to one group of rats and familiar food to another group of rats. Both groups of rats were made to vomit. According to Garcia's work, which group of rats would develop an aversion to their food?

the rats given the novel food

Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell of taste of tequila; nausea

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

unconditioned response (UR)

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even, as the next hand will be his winning one. This is an example of the effects of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.

variable-ratio

If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react:

with fear to the tone but not to the light.