Psych Chap 11-15

Prejudice

"Pre judgment" An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Outgroup

"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

ingroup

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity

Roger has a good amount on his plate. He works full time, he also has a part-time job, and has a new consulting company in response to his son's special needs. He seems to be coping with everything quite well, for the moment anyway. In Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Roger is in Phase:

2, In a state of resistance.

Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable-rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. In Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Maya is in Phase:

3, in a state of exhaustion

Unconditional Postivie Regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Individualist

A cultural pattern that emphasizes people's own goals over group goals and defines identity mainly in terms of unique personal attributes

Collectivism

A cultural pattern that prioritizes the goals of important groups (often one's extended family or work group)

Social Scripts

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Stereotypes

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Latency (6 years to puberty, Freud)

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Self Serving Bias

A readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Mindfulness Meditation

A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

ID's

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Health Psychology

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Empirically Derived

A test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

Social Cognitive Perspective

A view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Dewey just won a $145 million lottery prize. If he is typical, 1 year from now, he will be:

About as happy as he was before he won

Oedipus Complex

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Self-Transcendence (Maslow)

According to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

_____ refers to the tendency to make judgments relative to a baseline established by one's experience.

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Samantha is typically described as soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful by her peers. She is likely to score high on the Big Five trait of:

Agreeableness

Selye's general adaptation syndrome begins with _____ and ends with _____.

Alarm and Exhaustion

Phase 1

Alarm reaction - Your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated. Your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. With your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight back

Self-Concept

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Cope

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Juan believes that no matter how hard he works, there is so much systemic bias against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Juan's thinking MOST clearly demonstrates:

An external locus of control

With respect to their characteristic traits, unstable introvert is to stable extravert as _____ is to _____.

Anxious; Carefree

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Primary Appraisal of Stress

Appraised an event as a stressor

Secondary Appraisal of Stress

Assess our ability to respond to it

Emotion Focused Coping

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Problem Focused Coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

People in many nations responded to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic by buying large quantities of specific items, such as toilet paper. Attempts to explain this behavior MOST directly involve the process of:

Attribution

_____ lymphocytes fight bacterial infections

B

As Cora walks through a movie theater, she happens to pass an older woman sitting on a bench clutching her arm and moaning in pain. The presence of others in the theater will MOST likely increase the probability that Cora will:

Be less likely to help

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.

Behavior ; Attitude

Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with anti-gay attitudes?

Being Female

Elaine just received her grade for the final exam in her psychology course. She was absolutely sure she knew the material but received a 67 on the exam. Elaine is likely to:

Blame the exam for her grade

Which statement is true regarding trends in Americans' buying power and happiness since 1950?

Buying power has increased since 1950, but happiness has remained constant

Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Dr. Moyers often asks clients to describe themselves as they are, and to describe the people they would like to be. Dr. Moyers' technique BEST reflects _____ notion of _____.

Carl Rodgers; Self Concept

Stressors fall into 3 main types

Catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles

What did Freud first focus on?

Clinical attention on our unconscious mind

When people experience an unpleasant state of psychological tension resulting from two inconsistent thoughts or perceptions, they are said to be experiencing:

Cognitive dissonance

Which list pairs a type of culture with an inaccurate description?

Collectivist - self based morality

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of:

Companionate love

One effective strategy for reducing angry feelings is to:

Count to 10

Who is MOST likely to have high levels of testosterone?

Daniel, who is 20 years old and has a wide face

Frieda is typically very shy. However, while watching a rock concert with a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions. Frieda's unusual behavior is BEST understood in terms of:

Deindividuation

With respect to group phenomena, reduced self-awareness is to increased arousal as _____ is to _____.

Deinviduation ; Self Facilitation

Reeghan was diagnosed with high cholesterol, which led to a heart attack at the age of 52. According to research, which factor increases her likelihood of having further heart problems?

Depression

Following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed ___________ racial prejudice.

Diminishing

_____ is demonstrated when ride-share customers of color are treated more poorly by drivers than are white customers

Discrimination

Projection

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Nineteen-year-old Tom has spent 5 hours a day playing violent video games since he was 8 years old. According to research on the effects of violent video game usage, one can predict that Tom will MOST likely:

Display desensitization to violent images, as shown by blunted brain responses on an fMRI

Attempting to alleviate stress indirectly by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction is known as _____ coping.

Emotion-focused

Tyler is with three of his friends at a restaurant. One of his friends yawns, then another friend does so, and then finally Tyler yawns. Research suggests that Tyler and his friends who also mimicked the yawn may show increased levels of:

Empathy

Phase 3

Exhaustion - With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death

Upon reviewing David's blog, people quickly notice that he likes to use adjectives to describe the different social events he attends. This may give people enough information to make a safe assessment about which personality factor for David?

Extraversion

Clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together are called:

Factors

Attitudes

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

B lymphocyte is to T lymphocyte as _____ is to _____.

Fighting bacterial infections; Attacking viruses

Social Psychologists

Focus on the situation. They study the social influences that explain why the same person acts differently in different situations

A magazine publisher asks readers to commit to a brief trial subscription. Having committed to the trial subscription, readers may be more likely to buy a yearlong subscription. This exemplifies the _____ compliance technique.

Foot in the Door

Dr. Jones is a brain researcher who studies the relationship between personality and brain development. He is asked to evaluate the brain of an individual who scored high on conscientiousness. Compared with the brains of those who score low on this trait, Dr. Jones would expect the individual's _____ lobe to be larger

Frontal

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.

Frontal lobes

Recently Tanya has been caught in heavy traffic when traveling to and from work. This situation has caused her to arrive to work late and arrive home at a much later time than normal. When she comes home, she slams the front door and tends to yell more at her children and husband over things that are rather insignificant. This behavior can BEST be explained by the

Frustration-aggression principle

Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious, rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates:

Fundamental attribution error

Your father-in-law had a serious heart attack several weeks ago. You are especially concerned because he lives alone. After his heart attack, which of these would increase his odds of survival?

Getting a dog

A dictator who has a lot of supporters around to back their suggestions makes decisions that are increasingly ill-considered and divorced from reality. This is an example of:

Group think

A world leader's staff informs him only of favorable media coverage that supports his actions and policies. Criticism is denounced out-of-hand as dishonest or untrue, preventing the consideration of a full range of alternatives when decisions are considered. This suggests that the President's administration is susceptible to the dangers of:

Groupthink

Juan loves horseback riding. What would be an environmental factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?

Having friends that also ride horses

Lupe examines how social support may buffer the negative effects of stigma on the well-being of HIV-positive gay men of color. Lupe is MOST likely a _____ psychologist

Health

A month ago, Jason lost his job due to circumstances beyond his control and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her green card, and that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold so he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of these is happening to Jason?

His immune response is dropping

What did Freud believe (2)?

Human personality, including its emotions and strivings, arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint—between our aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological urges and our internalized social controls over these urges

The life story approach to personality assessment is MOST likely to be practiced by a _____ psychologist

Humanistic

Self

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Fixate

In psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Catharsis

In psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Social Facilitation

In the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

After the world championships, the winner of the diving competition discussed how hard she had worked and the dedication and sacrifices she made to reach her goal to be a gold medal winner. From this interview, you can ascertain that she is likely from a(n) _____ culture

Individualist

Which list pairs a type of culture with an accurate description?

Individualist - many casual relationships

Cho tends to take pride in his accomplishments and enjoy his privacy. His sister, Rika, stayed closer to their parents and her college friends. Unlike her brother, she felt a sense of belonging as a result. Cho is more likely to align himself with _____ values, while Rika prefers a(n) _____ emphasis.

Individualist; Collectivist

Normative Social Influence

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational Social Influence

Inluence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

The virtues of tight cultures do NOT include:

Innovation

James just learned that they failed a biology exam. Because their self-esteem is temporarily lowered, they are more likely to:

James is more likely to do all of these things

Jeremy's New Year's resolution is to lose weight and stop smoking. Based on the research on self-control, which approach is likely to be MOST successful?

Jeremy should try to lose weight first and then stop smoking.

The belief that an individual "must have done *something*" to be arrested by law enforcement officers BEST illustrates:

Just-world phenomenon

Grandma Jones was recently admitted to a nursing home. She was quite ill and on a restricted diet, so the staff made all the decisions for her. They chose her meals, her clothes, and when she was able to get out of bed. As Grandma Jones' health improved, her grandchildren noticed that she seemed to have difficulty asserting herself with the staff. This can be explained by:

Learned helplessness

Juan loves horseback riding. Which choice exemplifies a behavioral factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?

Learning how to ride horses

Personality Inventories

Longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors—assess several traits at once

Although stress does not create cancer cells, it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of:

Lymphocytes

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs

Genital (Puberty+, Freud)

Maturation of sexual interests

Which factor is a social-cultural influence on the expression of aggressive behavior?

Minimal father involvement in the lives of children

"When you are the only person like yourself in a group, you are far more likely to sway the majority if you hold firmly to your position and don't waffle." This represents:

Minority influence

James is a married man who has six children and another one on the way. He has a demanding job as a cardiologist in a major research hospital. His wife, Molly, is a stay-at-home mother. He is described by friends as easygoing, happy, and content with his life. His wife is often stressed by the demands of pregnancy as well as raising six small children. She is frequently angry with James for not taking parenting more seriously. Which statement is true?

Molly is more at risk for stress related illnesses than James is

_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Normative social influence

Central Route Persuasion

Occurs when interested people's thinking is influenced by considering evidence and argument

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

Jean has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and seems to overcompensate now. In which psychosexual stage is Jean fixated?

Oral

Personal Control

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Adaptation Level Phenomenon (Harry Helson)

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Spotlight Effect

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, Colin needs to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which criticism of the trait perspective would he cite?

People do not act with predictable consistency, and behavior varies from one situation to the next

Fundamental Traits

People's characteristic behaviors and conscious motives

Feel Good Do Good Phenomenon

People's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

Employees are who are permitted to personalize their workspace are likely to be more productive, committed, motivated workers because the personalization process increases workers':

Perceived Control

Lindsay is writing an essay supporting the notion that people's attitudes are based on their behavior. One topic Lindsay might NOT discuss in the essay is:

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Murphy's Law—the notion that if anything can go wrong, it will—expresses a(n) _____ outlook

Pessimistic

Daniel is a copy shop owner. Things suddenly seem very bleak because a nationally known competitor is moving in on the same block. Daniel has many debts to pay off and their partner is expecting their third child. When Daniel hears the bad news, their heart rate increases and they feel faint, as if they were in shock. According to Hans Selye, Daniel is in which phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

Phase 1, experiencing an alarm reaction

Loose Cultures

Places with flexible and informal norms

Oral Stage (0-18months, Freud)

Pleasure centers on the mouth—sucking, biting, chewing

Anal (18-36 months, Freud)

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic (3-6 years, Freud)

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Which of these reached an extreme in early 2021, when pro-Trump insurrectionists invaded the U.S. Capitol?

Polarization

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

The process of evaluating whether something is a stressor is called _____ appraisal, whereas the process of determining whether one can handle that stressor is called _____ appraisal

Primary ; Secondary

"The thief thinks everyone else is a thief." This is an example of which defense mechanism?

Projection

The Freudian defense mechanism of _____ is supported to some extent by contemporary research. By contrast, modern research tends not to support the defense mechanism of _____

Projection; Repression

In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the MOST widely used _____ test

Projective

What did Freud believe?

Psychological troubles resulted from men's and women's unresolved conflicts with their expected roles

The benefit of student teaching and mental health practicum experiences is that it allows professors and supervisors to assess students' behaviors in _____ situations

Realistic

A person high in self-esteem is more likely than their peers to post social media selfies. The "likes" they receive may further elevate their self-esteem, thereby encouraging them to post most selfies. With respect to perspectives on personality, this positive feedback loop BEST reflects the concept of _____, central to the _____ view of personality.

Reciprocal determinism; Social-cognitive

Juan was shopping for a new watch and the salesperson was pressuring him to spend money far above his financial limit. Juan attributed the behavior to the salesperson having a pushy personality. Juan's explanation of the salesperson's behavior _____ the fundamental attribution error because it is based on the salesperson's _____.

Reflects ; Personality

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Shortly before she was to start high school, Aaliyah's family moved to another state. On the first day of school, Aaliyah's mother catches Aaliyah sucking her thumb, something that Aaliyah has not done in years. Which defense mechanism is Aaliyah using to avoid stress?

Regression

What are the defense mechanisms?

Regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial

Nadine believes she is less successful than most of her social media friends. This perception BEST illustrates the concept of:

Relative deprivation

Big Five Factors

Researchers identified five factors—openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism—that describe personality. (Also called the five-factor model)

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by:

Resistance

Phase 2

Resistance- temperature, blood pressure, respiration remain high. adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. fully engaged summoning all your resources to meet the challenge

Regression

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Gabe strives to be an efficient, task-oriented person. He is unhappy because he is struggling with procrastination and recreational distractions. In _____'s view, Gabe's dissatisfaction reflects his falling short of his _____

Rodgers; Ideal Self

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab American stores and lashing out at any Middle Eastern person they saw. This behavior is BEST explained in terms of:

Scapegoat theory

Subjective Well Being

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life

According to Abraham Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for:

Self-transcendence

Displacement

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Conditioning and observational learning are important elements of the _____ theory of personality.

Social-Cognitive

In the short run, after exercising self-control, people are less able to maintain self-control. In the long run, their self-control is ________.

Strengthened

A local religious organization has taken an interest in reaching out to community members with AIDS. They were prompted to do this when they learned that religiously active AIDS patients _____ than do their nonreligious counterparts

Survive longer

Religiously active AIDS patients _____ than do their nonreligious counterparts.

Survive longer

Aerobic Exercise

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

Reaction Information

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Defense Mechanism

Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

Which of these is NOT a social-cultural influence for aggression?

Testosterone Levels

While on a date with his partner, Juan discovered that they were depressed about a low exam grade. He found that he began to feel dejected and they both talked very little and ended the date early. Juan's change in mood BEST illustrates:

The Charmeleon Effect

Roger recently lost his job and believes that it is a result of the increase in immigrants. He is demonstrating:

The Scape Goat Theory

Self Control

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Perceived Control

The belief that we can influence our environment in ways that determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes

Psychosexual Stages

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Coronary Heart Disease

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; a leading cause of death in many developed countries

In a psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective, Riley needs to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which criticism of the humanistic perspective would Riley cite?

The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values

Culture

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Tight Cultures

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Group Polarization

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Learned Helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:

The human capacity for evil

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Superego

The partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Ego

The partly conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality

External Locus of Control (Rotter)

The perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Relative Deprivation

The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

Internal Locus of Control (Rotter)

The perception that we control our own fate

Frustration Aggression Principle

The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression

Stress

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Identification

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Self-Actualization (Maslow)

The process of fulfilling our potential

Positive Psychology

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Social Loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Just World Phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Foot in the Door Phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Ingroup Bias

The tendency to favor our own group

Other Race Effect

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias

Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Attribution Theory

The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Even though Joe had been in a car accident that left him with amnesia, he was still able to remember how to do many basic tasks such as driving a car, washing his clothes, and cooking. This supports Freud's view of the role of:

The unconscious

Humanistic Theorists

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Psychodynamic Theory

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences (Freud)

Before Serene's first appointment date with a psychologist, the psychologist wants her to take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Serene is uncomfortable taking a personality test for someone she barely knows. What argument can she use to persuade this psychologist that she should NOT take the test?

There are questions about the validity of the test

Discriminate

To act in negative and unjustifiable ways toward members of the group

Jennifer's 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to:

Try out many possible selves

Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals:

Try to align their attitudes and behavior

Tend and Befriend Response

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Norms

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior

Aggression-replacement programs teach parents to:

Use positive reinforcement, rather than punishment, to obtain desirable behavior in children

Although Tim is frequently caught stealing from friends and family, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. According to Freud, Tim MOST clearly demonstrates a(n):

Weak Superego

Psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back to:

William James

Do surgical wounds heal slower in stressed people?

Yes

Are stressed people more vulnerable to colds?

Yes. Major life stress increases the risk of a respiratory infection

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes