Psych Chap. 4
Central to the transtheoretical model is the assumption that both behavior change and relapse take the shape of a You Answered triangle. rectangle. cone. Correct Answer spiral.
spiral
Which factor in the theory of planned behavior has most in common with Bandura's concept of self-efficacy? A person's intention whether or not to perform an action Correct! A person's belief of how much s/he can control an action A person's assessment concerning outcomes of an action A person's belief about social pressures to take an action
A person's belief of how much s/he can control an action
__________ refers to specific plans that individuals can make that identify what, where, when, and how they will engage in a health behavior. Behavioral willingness Perceived behavioral control Subjective norms Correct! Implementation intentions
Implementation intentions
What did meta-analysis of many studies find regarding the predictive value of the theory of planned behavior? It best predicts behaviors for abstinence. You Answered It best predicts use of alcohol and drugs. Correct Answer It best predicts diet and physical activity. It best predicts all risk-taking behaviors.
It best predicts diet and physical activity.
In the health belief model, which of the following is included among factors that combine to influence health behaviors? Correct! Actual barriers, including financial, to health behaviors A patient's objective vulnerability to disease/disability How severe a patient's disease or disability is in reality The benefits of health behaviors perceived by a patient
Actual barriers, including financial, to health behaviors
Among challenges for health psychologists in constructing valid health behavior models, which is most related to the need to reduce complex data to meaningful generalizations? Balancing automaticity vs. decisions in health behaviors Correct! Balancing individual differences vs. theoretical simplicity Balancing personal control vs. large-scale societal barriers Balancing perceptions/beliefs vs. relationships and policies
Balancing individual differences vs. theoretical simplicity
Researchers find American women eat more produce than American men. How does the theory of planned behavior explain this gender difference? By differing attitudes rather than differing perceived control You Answered By differing perceived control rather than differing attitudes By differing subjective norms more than attitudes or control Correct Answer By differing subjective norms, but not for all cultural groups
By differing subjective norms, but not for all cultural groups
Which of the following most accurately reflects an essential contrast between continuum theories and stage theories of health behavior relative to patient adherence? Continuum theories explain adherence as developing gradually; stage theories explain adherence as developing discretely. Continuum theories explain adherence as multifactorial; stage theories explain adherence by a limited number of factors. Correct! Continuum theories explain adherence as being uniform; stage theories explain adherence as varying by steps in a process. Continuum theories explain adherence by classifying people along a continuum; stage theories will not classify individuals.
Continuum theories explain adherence as being uniform; stage theories explain adherence as varying by steps in a process.
_______ methods for improving adherence increase knowledge; however, ______ approaches have been shown to increase adherence. Correct! Educational; behavioral Educational; socioeconomic Behavioral; educational Socioeconomic; educational
Educational; behavioral
Which of the following must a person have during the second phase of the health action process approach model? You Answered A perception of a personal risk Expectations of good outcomes A feeling of action self-efficacy Correct Answer Plans for anticipated setbacks
Plans for anticipated setbacks
_____ refer(s) to people's confidence that they can perform a behavior to produce a desired outcome in a particular situation. Self-esteem Correct Answer Self-efficacy You Answered Outcome expectations Perceived benefits
Self-efficacy
Why does the theory of planned behavior vary in its predictive ability by behavior type? Risk-taking behaviors are more predictable than healthy behaviors. You Answered Situation-specific behaviors are more predictable than planned ones. Correct Answer Situation-specific behaviors are less predictable than planned ones. The theory was not designed to predict ongoing individual choices.
Situation-specific behaviors are less predictable than planned ones.
_____ is an individual's perception of the social pressure to perform or not to perform an action. Self-efficacy Perceived behavioral control Correct Answer Subjective norm You Answered Attitude
Subjective norm
_____ is an individual's perception of the social pressure to perform or not to perform an action. Self-efficacy Perceived behavioral control Correct! Subjective norm Attitude
Subjective norm
If you are a health psychologist administering smoking cessation programs, what do smokers need to believe to be motivated to quit smoking, according to the health belief model? That quitting smoking is worth the effort, in spite of the numerous barriers to quit That smoking can lead to diseases, though these are seldom ever life-threatening That the risks incurred by smoking outnumber the benefits attained from quitting Correct! That smoking risks are severe, quitting benefits clear, and barriers to quit are few
That smoking risks are severe, quitting benefits clear, and barriers to quit are few
A health psychologist wants to research which of these models and theories is better at predicting the intentions of young adults for performing breast self-examinations and for avoiding unhealthy diets. A study by Garcia and Mann (2003) found which one better? The health belief model The transtheoretical model The theory of planned behavior Correct! The health action process approach
The health action process approach
This model has two general stages: the motivational phase and the volitional phase. The health belief model The transtheoretical model Correct! The health action process approach The theory of planned behavior
The health action process approach
What is an identified strength of continuum theories? They inform development of individualized interventions. Correct Answer They identify a number of universally motivational beliefs. They incorporate self-identity as predictive for behaviors. You Answered They identify anticipated emotions as predicting behaviors.
They identify a number of universally motivational beliefs.
What is most accurate about evaluating the effectiveness of the health belief model and other continuum theories? Correct! Valid and reliable instruments to assess their factors are lacking. Instruments for assessing their factors are valid, but not reliable. Instruments for assessing their factors are reliable, but not valid. There are only a few valid or reliable tests to assess their factors.
Valid and reliable instruments to assess their factors are lacking.
The major advantage of the pill cap microprocessor as a means of assessing adherence is its cost effectiveness. You Answered ability to count the number of pills removed with each bottle opening. Correct Answer ability to count the number of bottle openings and record the time of day for each opening. nearly perfect validity.
ability to count the number of bottle openings and record the time of day for each opening.
The major advantage of the pill cap microprocessor as a means of assessing adherence is its cost effectiveness. ability to count the number of pills removed with each bottle opening. Correct! ability to count the number of bottle openings and record the time of day for each opening. nearly perfect validity.
ability to count the number of bottle openings and record the time of day for each opening.
People who experience high levels of stress become more adherent to medication routines oriented toward controlling their stress. become less adherent to medications for chronic conditions but not for short-term problems. become more likely to adhere. Correct! become less likely to adhere.
become less likely to adhere.
Economic factors may exert a negative effect on adherence by limiting access to screening tests. preventing people from getting prescriptions filled or refilled. increasing social support. Correct! both a and b.
both a and b.
Patients' records of their own rate of adherence may lack validity because patients sometimes lie to avoid the displeasure of their physicians. patients may be unaware of their own rate of adherence. You Answered neither a nor b. Correct Answer both a and b.
both a and b.
Many programs used today for changing health behaviors employ behavioral techniques, which are ________ with the stage models described in your text. Correct Answer compatible incompatible You Answered contradictory requirements
compatible
For improving adherence, _________ strategies are more helpful to patients who need to know _______ to change their behavior; _______ strategies are more helpful to patients who need to know _______ to change their behavior. educational, how; behavioral, why Correct Answer educational, why; behavioral, how You Answered both types, why; neither one, how both types, how; neither one, why
educational, why; behavioral, how
The theory of planned behavior identifies ________ as immediately determining behavior. attitude toward the behavior You Answered perceived control of behavior Correct Answer intention regarding behavior subjective norm for behavior
intention regarding behavior
According to the transtheoretical model, relapse is most likely during the maintenance stage. You Answered is most likely during the action stage. Correct Answer is equally likely during any stage. is more likely in earlier stages.
is equally likely during any stage.
Research indicates that people who are compliant in one situation tend to be compliant in other situations. tend to be noncompliant in other situations. Correct! may or may not be compliant in other situations. discontinue compliance when they change physicians.
may or may not be compliant in other situations.
Research has found that planning was influential to adult physical activity to motivate those with no intention of exercising. Correct Answer only for those who had an intention of exercising. You Answered for all participants irrespective of their intentions. for raising awareness, but not promoting activity.
only for those who had an intention of exercising.
Practitioners' accuracy when judging adherence of patients is You Answered very valid. very reliable. Correct Answer only slightly better than chance. the best report of patients' adherence.
only slightly better than chance.
Some researchers (Herzog, 2008; Armitage, 2009) believe that the _______ number of stages in the health action process approach may be _______ useful than those in the transtheoretical approach for effective interventions. greater; more Correct Answer smaller; more You Answered greater; less smaller; less
smaller; more
In a meta-analysis, Rosen (2000) found that the transtheoretical model was most effective for explaining health behaviors related to Correct! smoking cessation substance abuse. physical activity. psychotherapy.
smoking cessation
Bandura's notion of reciprocal determinism assumes that human conduct results from an interaction of behavior, person factors (such as cognition), and Correct Answer the environment. outcome expectancies. You Answered subjective norms. intention to act.
the environment.
For individuals who are depressed, their risk of nonadherence is ____ greater than individuals who are not depressed. four times five times two times Correct! three times
three times
In the health belief model, the belief that relates to an individual's perceived risk of a disease is Correct Answer perceived susceptibility perceived severity. perceived benefits You Answered perceived barriers.
perceived susceptibility
A person's willingness and ability to follow recommended health practice is known as behavior. intention. Correct! adherence. perceived behavioral control.
adherence
What is a common criticism of the health belief model? It emphasizes motivational factors too little You Answered It emphasizes behavioral factors too heavily. Correct Answer It omits beliefs about health behavior control. It omits beliefs about health behavior benefits.
It omits beliefs about health behavior control.
Which of the following is an assumption of the theory of planned behavior? People generally are not reasonable, and must be taught to plan their behavior. You Answered People generally use information haphazardly, and must learn to be systematic. People consider the consequences before decisions, and then always take action. Correct Answer People consider the consequences before decisions, which can involve no action.
People consider the consequences before decisions, which can involve no action.
Research has found that which factors of the health belief model predict adherence to health behaviors most accurately? Perceived susceptibility to and severity of disease Correct Answer Perceived benefits of and barriers to the behaviors Perceived disease susceptibility and behavior benefits You Answered Perceived disease severity and barriers to the behaviors
Perceived benefits of and barriers to the behaviors
Gina smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, but lately she has begun to think seriously about quitting. According to the transtheoretical model, Gina is in the _____ stage. You Answered precontemplation Correct Answer contemplation action maintenance
contemplation
Using hospital personnel to monitor patient adherence is the only currently approved method of assessing adherence. Correct! creates an artificial situation that may raise adherence rates. violates regulations of the American Medical Association. both b and c are true.
creates an artificial situation that may raise adherence rates.
In operant conditioning, "positive" means something is presented, and "negative" means something is removed. Though part of operant conditioning techniques, ________ is rarely used to modify non-adherent health behaviors. negative reinforcement You Answered positive reinforcement Correct Answer positive punishment negative punishment
positive punishment
An adherent patient who reduces her pain by taking prescribed medication as scheduled is an example of classical conditioning. negative punishment. positive reinforcement. Correct! negative reinforcement.
negative reinforcement.
In the health belief model, the belief that relates to an individual's perceived risk of a disease is Correct Answer perceived susceptibility perceived severity. perceived benefits You Answered perceived barriers.
perceived susceptibility
If you are a health psychologist administering smoking cessation programs, what do smokers need to believe to be motivated to quit smoking, according to the health belief model? That quitting smoking is worth the effort, in spite of the numerous barriers to quit That smoking can lead to diseases, though these are seldom ever life-threatening You Answered That the risks incurred by smoking outnumber the benefits attained from quitting Correct Answer That smoking risks are severe, quitting benefits clear, and barriers to quit are few
That smoking risks are severe, quitting benefits clear, and barriers to quit are few
Which of the following have researchers found about the predictive value of the health belief model? Correct Answer The model's prediction varies across factors and ethnic groups. The model was not found predictive for ethnic minority groups. You Answered The model is equally predictive among different ethnic groups. The model's prediction is equivalent across factors and groups.
The model's prediction varies across factors and ethnic groups.
Which of the following have researchers found about the predictive value of the health belief model? Correct! The model's prediction varies across factors and ethnic groups. The model was not found predictive for ethnic minority groups. The model is equally predictive among different ethnic groups. The model's prediction is equivalent across factors and groups.
The model's prediction varies across factors and ethnic groups.
What is an identified strength of continuum theories? They inform development of individualized interventions. Correct! They identify a number of universally motivational beliefs. They incorporate self-identity as predictive for behaviors. They identify anticipated emotions as predicting behaviors.
They identify a number of universally motivational beliefs.
The model or theory that includes four beliefs—perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers—to predict health-related behavior is the self-efficacy theory. Correct Answer health belief model. health action process approach You Answered theory of planned behavior.
health belief model.
The model or theory that includes four beliefs—perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers—to predict health-related behavior is the self-efficacy theory. Correct! health belief model. health action process approach theory of planned behavior.
health belief model.
Morton is 90 pounds overweight and has both high blood pressure and high serum cholesterol. However, it has never occurred to Morton that he might be a candidate for cardiovascular disease if he does not change his lifestyle. According to Prochaska's transtheoretical model, Morton is in the _____ stage. Correct! precontemplation maintenance contemplation final
precontemplation
__________ refers to people's motivation at a given moment to engage in a risky behavior. Correct! Behavioral willingness Perceived behavioral control Subjective norms Implementation intentions
Behavioral willingness
The model or theory that defines five stages individuals move through as they adopt a health-related model is the behavioral theory. Correct Answer transtheoretical model. You Answered theory of planned behavior. health action process approach.
transtheoretical model.
Research into applications of the theory of planned behavior has found that subjective norms were the strongest predictors of behaviors overall. were equivalent in predicting all of the behaviors. You Answered predicted behaviors for adults more than for teens. Correct Answer were the weakest to predict most of the behaviors.
were the weakest to predict most of the behaviors.
Because of the nature of health habits, what is true about predicting and changing health behaviors? Behaviors are often predicted more by people's beliefs than by their past behaviors. Behavior is often best changed by changing people's beliefs about health behaviors. Correct! Changing beliefs is motivating, but concrete skills and steps change behavior more. Beliefs are more ingrained than habits; thus intention guarantees behavior change.
Changing beliefs is motivating, but concrete skills and steps change behavior more.
The transtheoretical model of James Prochaska and his colleagues assumes that people go through five stages in making changes in their behavior. What is the proper order of these changes? Correct! Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance Preparation, precontemplation, self-efficacy, intention to act, and action Intention to act, contemplation, preparation for action, action, reaction Intention to act, contemplation, preparation for action, action, relapse
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
The well-known "Scared Straight" program, wherein maximum-security prison inmates share their stories of incarceration with teenagers to deter them from criminal behaviors, is an example of: Correct! an educational intervention. a behavioral intervention. both of these combined. neither one of these.
an educational intervention.
Research findings indicate that people's decisions to quit smoking were more affected by _______, and during the process of quitting, people were more affected by ________. behavioral techniques; cognitive processes Correct Answer cognitive processes; behavioral techniques You Answered cognitive processes; cognitive processes behavioral techniques; behavioral techniques
cognitive processes; behavioral techniques
The behavioral model of adherence Correct Answer emphasizes reinforcement of compliant behaviors. You Answered emphasizes punishment of noncompliant behaviors. incorporates the concept of subjective norms. has very little research evidence to support it.
emphasizes reinforcement of compliant behaviors.
A study by Cahill, Lancaster, and Green (2010) found that interventions matched to stage theories were ________ compared to uniform interventions consistent with continuum theories when applied to smoking cessation. Correct Answer equally effective more effective You Answered less effective not effective
equally effective
A study by Cahill, Lancaster, and Green (2010) found that interventions matched to stage theories were ________ compared to uniform interventions consistent with continuum theories when applied to smoking cessation. Correct! equally effective more effective less effective not effective
equally effective
The noncompliant personality Correct Answer has not been found to exist among groups of people. You Answered is more common among men than among women. is less common among well-educated people. is more common among the elderly.
has not been found to exist among groups of people.
The noncompliant personality Correct! has not been found to exist among groups of people. is more common among men than among women. is less common among well-educated people. is more common among the elderly.
has not been found to exist among groups of people.
One recent study used the theory of planned behavior to understand gender differences in fruit and vegetable consumption. This study found that men, in comparison to women, have: lower perceived behavioral control and higher subjective norms. Correct Answer lower perceived behavioral control and less favorable attitudes. You Answered less favorable attitudes and lower subjective norms. higher favorable attitudes and higher subjective norms.
lower perceived behavioral control and less favorable attitudes.
Those who do not share the cultural beliefs of Western medicine are just as likely as those who do to comply with the advice of a physician. Correct! may comply not with advice from physicians, but from practitioners of their cultural traditions. are likely to be members of ethnic minorities and are less compliant than European Americans. are more likely to comply with the advice of a nurse than with that of a physician.
may comply not with advice from physicians, but from practitioners of their cultural traditions.
Practitioners' accuracy when judging adherence of patients is very valid. very reliable. Correct! only slightly better than chance. the best report of patients' adherence.
only slightly better than chance.
Angela is a heavy smoker and knows that smoking increases one's chances of lung disease. However, she believes that she is not at an increased risk for lung cancer. This is because Angela has a(n) _____________. high self-efficacy high self-esteem Correct! optimistic bias pessimistic bias
optimistic bias
The following disease characteristic is the MOST accurate predictor of patient adherence: severity of the disease as seen by the attending physician. Correct! patient's perception of the severity of the disease. severity of the medication's side effects. a medication with no side effects.
patient's perception of the severity of the disease.
The best predictors of health-related behavior in the health belief model are perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers. You Answered perceived severity and perceived barriers. perceived benefits and perceived severity. Correct Answer perceived barriers and perceived benefits.
perceived barriers and perceived benefits.
In the health belief model, the belief that relates to whether an individual faces obstacles to health-enhancing behaviors is perceived susceptibility. perceived severity. You Answered perceived benefits. Correct Answer perceived barriers.
perceived barriers.
In the health belief model, the belief that relates to whether an individual faces obstacles to health-enhancing behaviors is perceived susceptibility. perceived severity. perceived benefits. Correct! perceived barriers.
perceived barriers.
In the volitional phase of the health action process approach model, _________ is a crucial component of whether behavior change will be maintained over time. outcome expectation You Answered self-efficacy risk perception Correct Answer planning
planning
Women are more likely than men to show higher rates of adherence to a medication for high blood pressure. smoking cessation program. physical activity program. Correct! healthy diet.
healthy diet.
In operant conditioning, "positive" means something is presented, and "negative" means something is removed. Though part of operant conditioning techniques, ________ is rarely used to modify non-adherent health behaviors. negative reinforcement positive reinforcement Correct Answer positive punishment You Answered negative punishment
positive punishment
In studies with patients recovering from heart problems and patients with diabetes, _________ was a better determinant of adherence than ______________. Correct Answer practical support; emotional support emotional support; invisible support You Answered emotional support; practical support practical support; invisible support
practical support; emotional support emotional support; invisible support
The effects of anxiety on failure to comply are ______, and the effects of depression are _____. small . . . also small Correct Answer small . . . large You Answered large . . . also large large . . . small
small . . . large
The effects of anxiety on failure to comply are ______, and the effects of depression are _____. small . . . also small Correct! small . . . large large . . . also large large . . . small
small . . . large
Bandura's notion of reciprocal determinism assumes that human conduct results from an interaction of behavior, person factors (such as cognition), and Correct! the environment. outcome expectancies. subjective norms. intention to act.
the environment.
To illustrate her point that "We are often goal-oriented but not role-oriented," professional psychotherapist Miriam joked, "For example, I want to lose 20 pounds, but I don't want to change my diet or exercise." This is an example of: implementational intentions. Correct Answer the intention-behavior gap. You Answered behavioral willingness. risk-taking behaviors.
the intention-behavior gap.
To illustrate her point that "We are often goal-oriented but not role-oriented," professional psychotherapist Miriam joked, "For example, I want to lose 20 pounds, but I don't want to change my diet or exercise." This is an example of: implementational intentions. Correct! the intention-behavior gap. behavioral willingness. risk-taking behaviors.
the intention-behavior gap.
The influences of environmental and social pressures on health behavior are accounted for better by self-efficacy theory. the health belief model. Correct! the theory of planned behavior. all of these theories/models equally.
the theory of planned behavior.
Research on smoking relapse, adherence to an exercise regimen, and adherence to diabetic diet has shown that those who had high self-efficacy were found more likely to relapse. Correct! those who had high self-efficacy were found more likely to adhere. self-efficacy has been found to correlate negatively with adherence. self-efficacy prevents smoking relapse but does not affect the others
those who had high self-efficacy were found more likely to adhere.
One strategy to improve adherence is tailoring the regimen; an example is a written contract that both patient and practitioner sign. You Answered educational lectures detailing consequences of nonadherence. Correct Answer using text messages to prompt people to take their medication. offering financial assistance to help people pay for medications.
using text messages to prompt people to take their medication.
According to Prochaska and his colleagues, people in which stages of the health action process approach model need strategies for directly changing their behaviors? Precontemplation and Contemplation You Answered Contemplation and Preparation Preparation and Action Correct Answer Action and Maintenance
Action and Maintenance
_______ methods for improving adherence increase knowledge; however, ______ approaches have been shown to increase adherence. Correct Answer Educational; behavioral You Answered Educational; socioeconomic Behavioral; educational Socioeconomic; educational
Educational; behavioral
What is a common criticism of the health belief model? It emphasizes motivational factors too little It emphasizes behavioral factors too heavily. Correct! It omits beliefs about health behavior control. It omits beliefs about health behavior benefits.
It omits beliefs about health behavior control.
_____ is an individual's perceptions of how much control one has over one's behavior, and is one factor that determines intentions in the theory of planned behavior. Self-efficacy Correct Answer Perceived behavioral control You Answered Subjective norm Attitude
Perceived behavioral control
A health psychologist is planning an intervention to help a client, who keeps forgetting to take her medication as directed, improve her adherence. Based on research findings, which behavioral intervention(s) would be most effective? Correct Answer Techniques for tailoring the regimen Implementing a contingency contract You Answered A graduated regimen implementation Any of these would work just as well
Techniques for tailoring the regimen Implementing a contingency contract
A health psychologist is planning an intervention to help a client, who keeps forgetting to take her medication as directed, improve her adherence. Based on research findings, which behavioral intervention(s) would be most effective? Correct! Techniques for tailoring the regimen Implementing a contingency contract A graduated regimen implementation Any of these would work just as well
Techniques for tailoring the regimen Implementing a contingency contract
Which of the following is an aspect of tailoring the regimen that research studies have found among the most effective for improving medication adherence? Treatment to patient stage of change You Answered Treatment to a patient's personality Treatment including pill organizers Correct Answer Treatment on a simplified schedule
Treatment on a simplified schedule
The LEAST accurate method of assessing rate of adherence is to Correct! ask the practitioner. ask the patient. ask the patient's family. monitor medication usage.
ask the practitioner.
Nonadherence rises abruptly when the prescription requires the patient to take one pill You Answered once a day. twice a day. three times a day. Correct Answer four times a day.
four times a day.
Research by Armitage and colleagues (2004) into Prochaska's health action process approach model found it was harder for people to transition from the contemplation to the preparation stage than other transitions. from the action stage to the maintenance stage than other transitions. Correct! from the preparation stage to the action stage than other transitions. from any stage to the next than Prochaska theorized for transitions.
from the preparation stage to the action stage than other transitions.
The model or theory that suggests that behavior is shaped by one's intention to act or not act, and that intentions are shaped by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control is the self-efficacy theory. health belief model. health action process approach. Correct! theory of planned behavior.
theory of planned behavior.
The technique of motivational interviewing may be applied to adherence but no research studies have examined this approach. Correct! to alter client motivation and prepare to change behavior. and has been found effective with male but not female patients. to motivate patients to move from the action to maintenance stage
to alter client motivation and prepare to change behavior.
