"Psych Chapter 1-2"

What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins?

100 percent

Jedda's mother is indigenous and her father is Spanish, how much genetic overlap does she have with each parent?

50%

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults?

Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.

Shayma is having trouble reading and segmenting words into sounds. Which part of her brain could be impaired?

Angular gyrus

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.

What evidence is there that the left hemisphere of the brain is the primary language processing area?

Broca's and Wernicke's areas are usually on the left.

Which of the following is one of the features of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that interests psychologists?

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that may help calm anxiety reactions.

Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?

He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Insist on evidence.

Identify the neoanalyst among the following.

Karen Horney

Charlie the Chimp saw that the bananas he wanted were out of his reach. He thought for a while and quickly realized he could stack boxes to reach them. Which researcher most likely set up this test of insight?

Kohler

Efraim is interested in how parents and children make attachments to each other. Whose work was most influential on this topic?

Mary Salter Ainsworth

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

Every morning, when Leroy entered the classroom, he would purposely pretend to trip and fall to make a big scene. His classmates laughed and Leroy got in trouble. Why did Leroy continue this behavior?

The laughter of his classmates reinforced the behavior.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

The participants are debriefed afterward.

Which condition(s) must be met before an ethics committee will approve an experiment that harms animals?

There must be no alternative, and the benefits justify the harm.

Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?

They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.

What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?

To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

Who was a founder of the school of functionalism?

William James

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

a refractory period

Johnny Appleseed has forgotten where he planted his seeds. A decrease in which neurotransmitter may be responsible for his memory loss?

acetylcholine

Paul is a 55-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Which neurotransmitter is most associated with Alzheimer's disease?

acetylcholine

Megna stepped on a nail at the construction site where they worked. Which kind of neuron brings the pain signal from Megna's foot to their brain?

afferent

The part of a neuron that extends like a trunk from the cell body is called a ________.

axon

Shayma has just listened to a political speech, but she still wants to evaluate the evidence for the claims made in the speech for herself. Which aspect of critical thinking is Shayma displaying?

be skeptical

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with which perspective?

biological

The brain and the spinal cord make up which of these parts of the nervous system?

central nervous system

Raphael fainted and hit the back of his head, and now he walks unsteadily. Which part of his brain was most likely injured in the fall?

cerebellum

Simone Biles is considered by many to be the greatest gymnast of all time. Which part of her brain is likely highly developed, helping her movements be smooth and balanced?

cerebellum

Psychologists with which of these perspectives primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature?

cognitive

Researchers in which field primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language?

cognitive psychology

Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?

computerized axial tomography

Which of these is a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles, generating a three-dimensional image?

computerized axial tomography

Which of the following expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables?

correlation coefficient

Which of these is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence?

critical thinking

Which one of the following takes the form of a double helix and contains the genetic code of an organism?

deoxyribonucleic acid

The electroencephalograph is a method of ________.

detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp

Tunde has concluded that the only reason Jerry chooses bullying behaviors is due to his lack of dopamine. Which aspect of critical thinking has Tunde mistaken?

do not oversimplify

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know.' This is an example of a ________ study.

double-blind

Dre is working on a thesis on the changes in social behavior in the context of finding partners. An important part of his study concerns the various practices followed by males and females over the course of generations and how they have gradually transformed into our current social norms. Dre can be called a(n) ________ psychologist.

evolutionary

Breonna insists racism is only present if a person violently attacks someone of another race while spewing racial slurs, but Jacqueline believes that racism happens when someone supports policies that benefit one group over another. On which point and aspect of critical thinking do Breonna and Jacqueline disagree?

examine definitions of terms

Gilberto signed up to participate in a trial for a new vaccine. If he gets the actual vaccine candidate, in which group must he belong?

experimental group

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

forensic psychologists

Juan loves watching crime dramas, and dreams of working to help determine whether defendants are competent for trial. What would be the best college major for Juan?

forensic psychology

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method

formulating a research question

Winnie is doing research to determine whether depression may have value as an adaptation. To which school of thought does Winnie subscribe?

functionalism

Culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity are described as which of the following?

gender

The nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a DNA double helix are also called the ________.

genetic code

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

genotype

Which one of these form a fatty substance called myelin?

glial cells

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her ________.

hippocampus

Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?

humanism

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He follows the principle that people are responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik's beliefs best exemplify which perspective?

humanistic-existential

Evelyn's therapist keeps reminding her that she must take responsibility for her thoughts and actions, and reinvent herself. Which approach is her therapist most likely using?

humanistic-existential

Akira's pituitary gland is acting strangely, sending random signals to his other glands. Akira may have damage in which brain structure that controls the master gland?

hypothalamus

Among lower animals, stimulation of various areas of which brain structure can trigger instinctual behaviors such as fighting, mating, or nest building?

hypothalamus

Sujay is conducting research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking ________.

informed consent

Wilhelm Wundt used which method to try to discover the basic elements of experience?

introspection

Damage to which brain stem structure may cause the heart and lungs to stop working?

medulla

Which is the oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration?

medulla

Which of these is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection?

mutation

Carlotta, who is 11 months old, is just starting to crawl and walk. Which of the following is heavily involved in this newfound ability?

myelination

Which method allows psychologists and other scientists to observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field?"

naturalistic observation

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload at the office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. What kind of correlation is there between Ned's stress and the amount of sleep he gets?

negative

Which of these is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone?

norepinephrine

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses is studied by which of these fields?

organizational psychologists

Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was three weeks ago. The doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with ________.

oxytocin

Jordan and Avery were awakened in the middle of the night while camping by noises they thought were a bear investigating their campsite. Avery quietly peeked out of the tent to discover it was a family of raccoons. What division of their nervous systems will calm Jordan and Avery back down after their scare?

parasympathetic

Chukuameka is similar in appearance to his siblings. Which of these is determined by nature and nurture?

phenotype

Which gland is sometimes called the "master gland" or "gland champion" because it controls other glands?

pituitary

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called ________.

placebos

The bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement is called the ________.

pons

Which part of the brain do some researchers consider to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems?

prefrontal cortex

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a ________.

receptor site

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ________.

reinforcement

Minh wants to study the influence of gender on behavior and mental processes. Which school of thought should they pursue?

sociocultural

Chika has lost the sensation of touch in her skin. Which part of her brain is most likely malfunctioning?

somatosensory cortex

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) ________ operation.

split-brain

Veronica wants the people in her study to reflect the proportionate demographics of her country. Which type of sample should she seek?

stratified

Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such a way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a ________.

stratified sample

Which of these s the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements—sensations, feelings, and images—that combine to form experience?

structuralism

Which two early approaches are no longer followed by psychologists today?

structuralism and functionalism

People using which perspective were the first to believe that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience?

structuralists

Alex and Sean went hiking to celebrate their wedding anniversary, and saw a bear in their path. Which division of their nervous systems would prepare them for the fight or flight response?

sympathetic

The fluid-filled gap between two neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses is known as the ________.

synaptic cleft

B. F. Skinner proposed ________.

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

Which of the following structures of the limbic system is connected with vigilance?

the amygdala

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

the survey method

In positron emission tomography, to track the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream. What is this compound called?

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