psych chapter 1

Psychology

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Which quote can be best attributed to Gestalt Psychology?

"the whole is other than the sum of its parts." Koffka

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

2/3

behaviorism

: focus on observing and controlling behavior

________ focused on the potential of humans to be creative, have a positive outlook and pursue higher values through a process of self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.

Abraham Maslow

________ presented ideas and techniques for rewarding and punishing behavior.

B.F. Skinner

Functionalism (William James)

Emphasized how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

Structuralism (Wundt)

Focused on understanding the conscious experience through introspection

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

Skinner

which researcher studied types of conditioned reflexes?

Skinner

________ was a German psychologist who argued that psychology is independent from philosophy and that the conscious elements of the mind should be scientifically studied and classified.

Wilhelm wundt

________ focused on examining the physiology of one's behavior and other psychological aspects of the mind.

William James

natural selection

a process by which heritable traits conferring survival and reproductive advantage to individuals tend to be passed on to succeeding generations and become more frequent in a population

forensic psychology

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

Cognitive Psychology

area of psychology that focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions.

clinical psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

sport and exercise psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motive are unimportant in understanding human behavior and that only observable actions should be studied.

behaviorism

This school of thought in the early 20th century focused on observable behavior and relationships between stimuli and responses.

behaviorism

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

biological

Which psychological domain would include a study of neuroscience?

biological

________ psychology focuses on the causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders.

clinical

This school of thought from the 1920s and 1930s studied the mental processes of thinking, memory, and judgment.

cognitive

Which psychological domain would include a study of memory and intelligence?

cognitive

personality trait

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

A psychologist is interested in observing and recording infants' temperaments for changes and stability as the children age to young adulthood. He plans to study these children's temperaments as they evolve into personalities for 18 years. This psychologist's perspective is most likely the ________ perspective of psychology.

developmental

Which psychological domain would include a study of learning and conditioning?

developmental

psychoanalytic theory

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system an hormones to activate or progress alzheimer's disease? what medications could influence the chemicals in the brain to slow down the progressive loss of memory, mood, and bodily functions

________ psychologists might help a judge decide which parent should have custody of a child or evaluate a defendant's mental competence to stand trial.

forensic

In the late 1800s, this approach examined how the mind operates and how conscious thoughts in the mind have continually evolved since the beginning of time.

functionalism

In the late 19th century, the early school of psychology that was heavily influenced by biology was ________.

functionalism

Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts?

functionalism

William James's focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as

functionalism

This school of thought, developed in the 1950s and 1960s, focuses on the potential of individuals and each person's unique viewpoint.

humanistic

________ psychologist may serve as a human resources specialist, helping organizations with staffing, training and employee development.

industrial-organizational

Cognitive psychology is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

it emphasizes introspection

Which psychological domain would include a study of abnormal psychology?

mental and physical health

empirical method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.

personality

biopsychosocial model

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

philosophy

Psychologist Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs, which suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. Consider how this may influence our development, motivation, and accomplishments. Choose which level of needs would best explain the following scenario. Mario has not been doing well in his third grade classroom. His teacher noticed that he wasn't focusing in class and mistakenly thought he was being lazy. In fact, the truth was that Mario's family couldn't afford enough food to feed their family and therefore, he regularly goes to school without any breakfast. Which level of need would best describe what is going on with Mario?

physiological

American Psychological Association

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

in the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.

proposed explination

This school of thought examined mental processes that are in the unconscious mind to explain behavior.

psychodynamic

developmental psychology

scientific study of development across a lifespan

evolutionary psychology

seeks to understand human behavior as the result of psychological adaptation and natural selection

Which statement below is true about the early school of psychodynamic psychology?

sigmund freud who developed the psychodynamic approach believed that it is possible to help a person experiencing anxiety or depression if the person could remember unconsious early childhood memories

Which psychological domain would include a study of motivation and gender?

social and personality

Psyche is a Greek word meaning

soul

In the late 19th century, this approach to psychology measured basic elements of conscious experiences to provide scientific evidence to understand the mind.

structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener's approach to asking patients to look inward and describe their feelings in order to understand consciousness was known as

structuralism

biopsychology

study of how biology influences behavior

personality psychology

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

-ology

suffix that denotes "scientific study of"

Which questions would a cognitive psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

to what extent does alzheimer's disease affect one's thinking, memory, and language abilities? How does one's memory, decision making and language usage skills change as alzheimer's disease progresses?

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

unconditional positive regard