Psych Chapter 13

Classify each of the following memory challenges as involving episodic, semantic, or procedural memory. A. Someone asks you for your street address. B. Someone asks you what you just read in this chapter. C. You go bike riding.

A. Semantic memory B. Episodic memory C. Procedural memory

According to the text, all of the following are good ways to help older people with memory problems EXCEPT to: A. assume that all older adults have a "bad" memory and make communication simpler by using fewer words. B. teach mnemonic strategies. C. give older people ample time to D. learn new material. be realistic.

A. assume that all older adults have a "bad" memory and make communication simpler by using fewer words.

Amir is 81 years old. He feels as if he has accomplished very little and has nothing to show for his life. He has no healthy family relationships and had a dissatisfying profession in which he feels like he wasted the best years of his life. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial framework, Amir reached the negative outcome of the final life stage and is experiencing: A. despair. B. generativity. C. intimacy. D. identity.

A. despair.

Fifty-five-year-old Beau is applying for a job as a sales manager for a book store. The owner of the store is reluctant to hire Beau because of his age. He feels that he can hire a younger, stronger, and faster worker for half the price. Beau tells the owner that studies show these facts about older workers EXCEPT that they tend to be ______ than younger workers. A. faster B. less likely to take time off for being sick C. more ethical D. more reliable

A. faster

In following widowed people over time, psychologists find that life satisfaction: A. first drops, then increases. B. varies randomly over time. C. remains constant over time. D. decreases constantly over time.

A. first drops, then increases.

A politician recommends eliminating a program that helps senior citizens pay for medication; he argues that the resulting tax cut for younger workers would stimulate the economy. The issue MOST relevant to this example is: A. intergenerational equity. B. the positivity effect. C. the social clock. D. the hierarchy of needs.

A. intergenerational equity.

Dan is a recent widower. Based on research that tracked widowed people over time, Dan should find that his depressive symptoms _____ over time. A. lessen consistently B. remain constant C. vary randomly D. actually increase

A. lessen consistently

In a country in Europe half of the citizens are older than 42 years old and half are younger than 42 years old. Forty-two is thus the country's _____ age. A. median B. average C. mean D. mode

A. median

Madge best remembers the good times in her life and does not talk much about the difficult or bad times. Psychologists refer to this as the: A. positivity effect. B. optimal factor. C. happiness factor. D. continuity effect.

A. positivity effect.

John wants to make sure that he remembers where he puts his wallet and car keys. When placing these items in the top dresser drawer he focuses on where he has placed them and tries hard to encode the location in his brain. A. selective optimization with compensation B. mnemonic technique C. improving mental state

A. selective optimization with compensation

Marla is going shopping at the new mall that just opened up and is parking her car in the parking lot. To remember where she has parked, Marla takes a photo on her phone of her car in its parking spot. A. selective optimization with compensation B. mnemonic technique C. improving mental state

A. selective optimization with compensation

Mika, who is 85 years old, believes that his future time is limited. He has started to spend more time thinking about the meaning of life and how to show his family and friends that he truly appreciates them. Mika is MOST specifically demonstrating: A. socioemotional selectivity. B. the paradox of well-being. C. terror management theory. D. the conundrum dilemma.

A. socioemotional selectivity.

Widowhood research has shown that MOST: A. widows are resilient; they are able to regroup and lead fulfilling lives. B. widows are very fragile; they need a lot of caregiving help. C. widows with secure relationships are at risk for depression. D. young-old widowers are at special risk for suicide.

A. widows are resilient; they are able to regroup and lead fulfilling lives.

_____ is a retirement system in which both an individual worker and his or her employer put a portion of that employee's pay into a retirement account. A. A public employee pension B. A private pension C. The Social Security program D. A personal savings account

B. A private pension

Who is LEAST likely to experience poverty after retirement? A. Ginny, an upper-middle-class female B. Gerome, an upper-middle-class male C. Lorraine, a middle-class female D. Larry, a middle-class man

B. Gerome, an upper-middle-class male

Statistically, who is MOST apt to be happy after retiring? A. Gary, who has been having health problems B. Joseph, who has a lot of money, loves to learn, and volunteers at a local food bank C. Georgina, who was unwillingly laid off from a job D. Joyce, a divorcee with few hobbies

B. Joseph, who has a lot of money, loves to learn, and volunteers at a local food bank

_____ is the fact that despite their physical and mental losses, the elderly report being just as happy or happier than the young. A. Socioemotional selectivity theory B. Paradox of well-being C. Ageism D. Information-processing theory

B. Paradox of well-being

Statistically, which statement is true? A. Memory decline doesn't occur until late adulthood. B. The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults. C. About 50 percent of people over age 65 are in nursing homes. D. There is little that can be done to improve memory in old age.

B. The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults.

Alexandra has an intensely negative view of the elderly. This is an example of: A. median age. B. ageism. C. the paradox of well-being. D. age discrimination.

B. ageism.

Intergenerational equity refers to: A. making older adults work as many hours as younger adults. B. balancing the needs of the young and old. C. treating everyone equally regardless of age. D. not engaging in age discrimination.

B. balancing the needs of the young and old.

One reason for recent increases in the median age of the population in the developed world is declining: A. life-expectancy. B. fertility rates. C. retirement ages. D. infant mortality.

B. fertility rates.

The young-old and the old-old differ in: A. education and ethnicity. B. health and income. C. few observable ways. D. attitudes.

B. health and income.

Mr. Wright is at a dinner party and is meeting several new people. One person is named Mr. Whealan and Mr. Wright needs to remember his name. Now, Mr. Whealan has a large mouth and Mr. Wright thinks his mouth might be "as big as a whale's" in order to remember his name. A. selective optimization with compensation B. mnemonic technique C. improving mental state

B. mnemonic technique

Executive functioning is BEST reflected in how well a person can: A. remember people's names. B. multitask. C. remember how to ride a bicycle. D. memorize a list of words.

B. multitask.

Jason is 75 years old and an avid cellist. He may have trouble remembering what he had for breakfast yesterday, but he has no problem remembering the fingering on his cello. The memory for playing a cello is an example of his _____ memory. A. episodic B. procedural C. working D. semantic

B. procedural

Gerry is looking forward to his sixty-fifth birthday and to retirement next month. He can expect to live for another _____ years after he retires. A. 7 B. 12 C. 18 D. 28

C. 18

In the United States, people who are currently _____ years old can expect to live an average of 18 more years. A. 45 B. 55 C. 65 D. 75

C. 65

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for how to help most bereaved people? A. Encourage them to meet another widowed friend. B. Give emotional support. C. Encourage them to join a widow support group. D. Encourage them to date other people.

C. Encourage them to join a widow support group.

Mike is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Mike is in the stage of development called: A. initiative versus guilt. B. generativity versus stagnation. C. integrity versus despair. D. identity versus role confusion.

C. integrity versus despair.

The positivity effect refers to the tendency for: A. older people to turn every event into a positive one. B. younger people to be more positive than older people. C. older people to focus on positive events and screen out negative ones. D. younger people to view older people in a positive way.

C. older people to focus on positive events and screen out negative ones.

Laura Carstensen's research team asked elderly and young people, "Whom would you rather spend time with—a close family member, an acquaintance, or the author of a recent book?" Young people's choices were spread among the three possible partners. Older people chose overwhelmingly to be with the family member. Critics suggest that this change in priorities may be simply a function of being old. However, the fact is that this change in priorities was also experienced by all of the following EXCEPT: A. people with fatal illnesses. B. people who were asked to imagine that they were about to move across the country alone. C. people who were graduating from college and asked to imagine living in their chosen geographic destination. D. people who see their future as limited.

C. people who were graduating from college and asked to imagine living in their chosen geographic destination.

In most cultures throughout history old age has been seen as: A. a miracle. B. a time of elevated status. C. the worst time of life. D. the best time of life.

C. the worst time of life.

The average baby boomer has saved a retirement nest egg of just over $_____. A. 250,000 B. 300,000 C. 75,000 D. 125,000

D. 125,000

Which change has NOT contributed to the rise in the median age of the world's population? A. decreasing fertility B. medical advances C. the baby boom reaching older adulthood D. AIDS in the developing world

D. AIDS in the developing world

Several years ago, Kathy retired from her long-time position as an accountant for a law firm. Now, she works three mornings each week in a gift shop. Kathy says she enjoys the social interaction and the extra money she has to "spoil her grandchildren." Kathy's work at the gift shop is an example of a _____ job. A. gap B. sunset C. band-aid D. bridge

D. bridge

One reason for recent increases in the median age of the population in the developed world is declining: A. infant mortality. B. retirement ages. C. life-expectancy. D. fertility rates.

D. fertility rates.

Which is an example of using selective optimization with compensation? A. trying not to focus too much on material B. reducing the use of external memory aids C. asking others to help one remember D. focusing on irrelevant details about the information to be remembered

D. focusing on irrelevant details about the information to be remembered

Juanita's husband, Mario, was a jerk who always criticized her in front of friends and said she was "no good." For 10 years, he told her she could not do anything right, and so would not let her perform the simplest tasks. Mario gradually succeeded in reducing Juanita's self-esteem to almost zero. Then, Mario died of a massive heart attack. Juanita can expect: A. to be remarried within 3 years. B. her self-esteem to collapse since she now has nothing else in the world. C. to have major difficulties adjusting because her husband used to do everything. D. her self-confidence to rise when she discovers she can cope after all.

D. her self-confidence to rise when she discovers she can cope after all.

Glen, age 65, is convinced that at his age he is destined to have brain deficits; as a result, he stops trying to remember new names. Glen has problems with: A. crystallized intelligence. B. socioemotional selectivity. C. genetic entities. D. motivation.

D. motivation.

Otis and Wanda are two older adults who use different "tricks" to help them remember when to take the medicine their doctors have prescribed. Otis confirms his doctor's advice by restating it in a sentence or question: "So you would like me to take two pills each day with a meal?" Wanda sets an alert so that she receives a push notification on her phone at 4 each afternoon. With respect to the concept of selective optimization with compensation, Otis's strategy reflects ______ and Wanda's reflects _____. A. optimization; selection B. selection; compensation C. compensation; optimization D. optimization; compensation

D. optimization; compensation

The last memory system to be lost when a person has dementia is the _____ memory. A. periodic B. episodic C. semantic D. procedural

D. procedural

One key to happiness in older adulthood is to: A. think a lot about the past. B. withdraw from interactions with other people. C. avoid challenges. D. remain open to other people's feelings.

D. remain open to other people's feelings.

In Germany, the government: A. encourages citizens to save for retirement rather than offering a structured retirement plan. B. encourages workers to quit their jobs around age 50. C. tries to keep people working as long as possible. D. tries to ensure that people are financially comfortable during their older years.

D. tries to ensure that people are financially comfortable during their older years.

Attachment theorists suggest that, after early bereavement, most widowed individuals develop a(n) _____to guide their construction of an independent life. A. clear-cut attachment B. emerging bond C. continuing bond D. working model

D. working model

A major reason for the decline of working memory with increased age is age-related deterioration in the _____lobes.

Frontal

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of ______.

Integrity

The middle number in a given sequence of numbers is called the _____.

Median

Give 4 reasons why happiness should peak in later life.

Older people (1) focus on enjoying the present, (2) selectively screen out negativity, (3) prioritize productive activities, and (4) live less stressful lives.

A strategy for aiding memory, often by using imagery or enhancing the emotional meaning of what needs to be learned, is known as a _____ technique.

mnemonic