Psych Chapter 13 Quiz

Which of the following is NOT a reason evolutionary psychologists propose to explain the biases associated with person perception? A. Physical attractiveness was associated primarily with friends and not foes B. Physical attractiveness was associated with health and vigor of males C. Physical attractiveness was associated with reproductive potential of females D. There was a need to quickly categorize others as friend or foe

A. Physical attractiveness was associated primarily with friends and not foes

According to Hazan and Shaver's model of infant attachment and romantic love, adults with which of the following attachment styles are MOST likely to have satisfying, interdependent, and long-lasting relationships? A. Secure B. Anxious-ambivalent C. Insecure D. Avoidant

A. Secure

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic elements involved in persuasion? A. Attribution B. Channel C. Source D. Message

A. Attribution

Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines which of the following terms? A. Conformity B. Obedience C. Groupthink D. Cognitive dissonance

A. Conformity

Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and polarizing ingroup and outgroup are basic features of which of the following? A. Groupthink B. Group polarization C. Social loafing D. Social diffusion

A. Groupthink

Which statement is NOT an accurate reflection of relationships on the Internet? A. Internet relationships seldom evolve into face-to-face relationships. B. Relationships that begin on the Internet are as stable as traditional relationships. C. Internet relationships are just as intimate as face-to-face ones. D. Similarity of interests assumes more power than in face-to-face relationships.

A. Internet relationships seldom evolve into face-to-face relationships.

Joel and Kirk both work with a stock brokerage firm. Joel is considered to be extremely attractive, and Kirk is considered to be average in appearance. Based on research that has investigated the effects of physical appearance in person perception, you should predict that A. Joel will tend to receive better performance evaluations than Kirk for equivalent work. B. Kirk will be perceived as being more submissive and naïve. C. Kirk will tend to receive better performance evaluations than Joel for equivalent work. D. Joel will be perceived as having greater integrity and being more honest.

A. Joel will tend to receive better performance evaluations than Kirk for equivalent work.

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning attitudes? A. People are more likely to be attracted to someone with similar attitudes. B. People are equally likely to be attracted to people with similar and dissimilar attitudes. C. People are not attracted to others based on their attitudes because attitudes and attraction are independent. D. People are more likely to be attracted to someone with dissimilar attitudes.

A. People are more likely to be attracted to someone with similar attitudes.

Which of the following is the BEST statement of conclusion concerning Milgram's classic study involving the learner, teacher, and ostensible shock? A. People have a strong tendency to obey an authority even if their actions may harm others. B. Under certain circumstances, people seem to enjoy the opportunity to be cruel to others. C. Aggression seems to be a more potent force in human nature than had previously been suspected. D. The more people there are who observe someone in need of help, the less likely anyone is to help.

A. People have a strong tendency to obey an authority even if their actions may harm others.

In the research on romantic attraction, which of the following did researchers discover to be the key determinant of a person's initial attraction to someone else? A. Physical attractiveness B. Attributional style C. Similarity D. Reciprocity

A. Physical attractiveness

According to evolutionary psychologists, we tend to view members of outgroups A. in terms of various negative stereotypes. B. as superior to us. C. as potential mates. D. as role models.

A. in terms of various negative stereotypes.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that reduces social loafing? A. The group is large B. Individual contributions to the group effort are readily identifiable C. Group norms encourage productivity D. The group is cohesive

A. The group is large

Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of a group? A. The members must meet face-to-face B. The group members are interdependent C. Group members must interact with each other D. It consists of two or more people

A. The members must meet face-to-face

Laura is planning to buy a new car and is trying to decide between a Ford and a Honda. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, Laura should be MOST persuaded by statements made by A. a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford. B. her mother, because family members are more persuasive than strangers. C. a Honda salesperson who recommends buying a Honda. D. her boyfriend, because males are more persuasive than females.

A. a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford.

A positive or negative evaluation of an object of thought defines A. an attitude. B. a schema. C. an opinion. D. a preference.

A. an attitude.

A group that one does NOT belong to or identify with is known as A. an outgroup. B. an ingroup. C. a social schema. D. a stereotype.

A. an outgroup.

Prejudice is to discrimination as A. attitude is to action. B. behavior is to motive. C. feeling is to thinking. D. thought is to perception.

A. attitude is to action.

LaPiere's study from the 1930s concerning whether restaurants would serve a Chinese couple demonstrated that A. attitudes did not predict behavior very well. B. attitudes did predict behavior very well. C. attitudes did predict behavior and behavior did predict attitudes. D. while attitudes did predict behavior, behavior did not predict attitudes.

A. attitudes did not predict behavior very well.

Similarity of personal characteristics is influential in A. both romantic relationships and friendships. B. only friendships. C. neither romantic relationships nor friendships. D. only romantic relationships.

A. both romantic relationships and friendships.

Research on the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change suggests that the ____ route leads to more enduring attitude change and better predicts future behavior. A. central B. subjective C. peripheral D. objective

A. central

The makers of the new Adobe automobile are sick and tired of TV commercials that rely on images of sex and life in the fast lane to sell cars. Besides, they believe that if their commercials simply present the true facts about why their car is the best on the market, potential buyers are more likely to develop a long-lasting preference for the Adobe. According to the elaboration likelihood model, this approach exemplifies the A. central route to persuasion. B. autonomic route to persuasion. C. somatic route to persuasion. D. peripheral route to persuasion.

A. central route to persuasion.

Lewis has agreed to proofread a long legal brief that Trudy has written, even though he doesn't really like Trudy. Lewis knows that he will not receive any additional pay for his extra work, and he thinks that proofreading is one of the most boring jobs there is. However, after the legal brief is finished, Lewis decides that proofreading isn't such a bad job after all; he feels that at times he actually enjoyed the exacting work. The change in attitude that Lewis has experienced can BEST be explained using A. cognitive dissonance theory. B. the fundamental attribution error. C. a self-serving bias. D. the matching hypothesis.

A. cognitive dissonance theory.

Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the group is called A. collectivism. B. individualism. C. attributionism. D. functionalism.

A. collectivism.

Sally and Neil have been married for 15 years. They have an extremely warm and trusting relationship, and even though Neil frequently travels on business, Sally never worries about him seeing other women. According to Hatfield and Berscheid, Sally and Neil share A. companionate love. B. passionate love. C. reciprocal love. D. consummate love.

A. companionate love.

Steve and Stacey have been a couple for several years. Their love is characterized by warm feelings and affection. They enjoy spending time together and describe themselves as lovers and friends. Steve and Stacey's love is BEST described as A. companionate love. B. mature love. C. passionate love. D. attached love.

A. companionate love.

Carmen has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Carmen then makes the decision to wear what her friends are wearing. Carmen's party dressing behavior demonstrates A. conformity. B. groupthink. C. a social decision scheme. D. obedience to an authority.

A. conformity.

Observers tend to attribute actors' behavior to ____ factors, and actors tend to attribute their own behavior to ____ factors. A. dispositional; situational B. situational; dispositional C. situational; situational D. dispositional; dispositional

A. dispositional; situational

Observers tend to attribute actors' behavior to ____ factors, and actors tend to attribute their own behavior to ____ factors. A. dispositional; situational B. situational; situational C. situational; dispositional D. dispositional; dispositional

A. dispositional; situational

Social loafing is MORE likely to occur if the A. group members feel that the responsibility for getting the job done is diffused among the members of the group. B. size of the group exceeds 10 members. C. group leader is directive and the members are cohesive. D. task is unfamiliar and the members are concerned about the group's image.

A. group members feel that the responsibility for getting the job done is diffused among the members of the group.

When Stoner (1961) compared the average decision of a group's individual members against their group decision generated through group discussion, he found that A. groups arrived at riskier decisions than individuals. B. individuals arrived at riskier decisions than groups. C. group members ignored the discussion and maintained their original decision. D. the longer the discussion continued, the riskier the group's decisions.

A. groups arrived at riskier decisions than individuals.

Implicit racism in white subjects is associated with all of the following in interracial interactions EXCEPT A. increased verbal aggression. B. decreased smiling. C. reduced eye contact. D. shorter speaking time.

A. increased verbal aggression.

According to the mere exposure effect, repeated exposure to a stimulus A. increases liking of the stimulus. B. increases mistrust of the stimulus. C. increases trust in the stimulus. D. increased dislike of the stimulus.

A. increases liking of the stimulus.

Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes is referred to as A. individualism. B. egocentrism. C. hedonism. D. dispositional attributional bias.

A. individualism.

Cary attends a religious service with a friend whose religion is different from Cary's. Since Cary does not know exactly what gestures to perform, she follows the lead of those around her. Cary's behavior could BEST be described as conforming based on A. informational influences. B. normative influences. C. implicit influences. D. outgroup influences.

A. informational influences.

Persuasion is MOST likely to be successful when the source of the persuasive communication A. is perceived as trustworthy. B. is highly dissimilar to the receiver. C. is perceived as highly ingratiating. D. will personally benefit from changing the receiver's attitudes.

A. is perceived as trustworthy.

Asch found that group size made little difference on conformity when A. just one accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group. B. the task was difficult. C. the task was easy. D. the experimenter ridiculed the group's wrong answers.

A. just one accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group.

When people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen they have A. made an illusory correlation. B. made a covariation inference. C. created a stereotype. D. created a social schema.

A. made an illusory correlation.

Dallas watches as Rhoda missteps in the cafeteria and spills coffee on herself and two other students. If Dallas concludes that Rhoda is an uncoordinated "klutz" who wasn't paying attention to what she was doing, he has A. made an internal attribution. B. been influenced by an illusory correlation. C. made an external attribution. D. made a self-serving attribution.

A. made an internal attribution.

Research has revealed that attitudes are A. mediocre predictors of behavior. B. very reliable predictors of behavior in men but not women. C. very reliable predictors of behavior in women but not men. D. very reliable predictors of behavior.

A. mediocre predictors of behavior.

In persuasion, the information transmitted is referred to as the A. message. B. sales pitch. C. medium. D. argument.

A. message.

You believe that short men have a tendency to be insecure. The concept of illusory correlation implies that you will A. overestimate the frequency of insecure short men. B. accurately estimate the frequency of insecure short men. C. falsely assume that tall men are naturally secure. D. underestimate the frequency of insecure short men.

A. overestimate the frequency of insecure short men.

The results of Burger's recent replication of Milgram's obedience study suggest that A. people's tendency to obey has remained about the same since Milgram's study. B. people's tendency to obey has declined greatly since Milgram's study. C. contemporary research participants respond only to stronger authority figures. D. contemporary research participants respond both to male and female authority figures.

A. people's tendency to obey has remained about the same since Milgram's study.

The rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the A. reciprocity norm. B. law of cognitive dissonance. C. display rule. D. principle of collectivism.

A. reciprocity norm.

Cross-cultural studies on gender differences in mate preferences find that females place a higher priority on A. social status. B. physical attractiveness. C. good health. D. kindness.

A. social status.

Weiner suggested that when making attributions for success and failure, people focus on the ____ dimension concerning causes that contribute to the behavior. A. stable-unstable B. optimistic-pessimistic C. unique-common D. internal-external

A. stable-unstable

Jeff, Greg, Dan, and Ray all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground. They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up, even though none of them had called 911. In this case, the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates the phenomenon known as A. the bystander effect. B. social loafing. C. a self-fulfilling prophecy. D. group polarization.

A. the bystander effect.

Phoebe saw the passenger in the seat across the aisle suddenly slump forward in her seat. While the other passengers looked around for a flight attendant, Phoebe immediately started to administer CPR. In this case, Phoebe's actions are the opposite of what would be expected based on A. the bystander effect. B. social loafing. C. the actor-observer effect. D. group polarization.

A. the bystander effect.

In recent election campaigns, there has been much criticism that campaign ads focus too much on building attractive images for candidates and too little on substantive issues of genuine importance. These two ways of trying to influence voters are dealt with by the approach to persuasion called A. the elaboration likelihood model. B. balance theory. C. self-perception theory. D. dissonance theory.

A. the elaboration likelihood model.

Ralph watches as a customer with at least 40 items lines up at his express checkout line. He decides the customer must be a real "idiot" to miss the sign that indicates Ralph's checkout line is an express line with a limit of 10 items. Ralph's attribution for the cause of the customer's behavior is consistent with A. the fundamental attribution error. B. a self-serving bias. C. drawing an illusory correlation. D. a defensive attribution.

A. the fundamental attribution error.

Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and polarizing ingroup and outgroup are basic features of which of the following? A. Social loafing B. Groupthink C. Social diffusion D. Group polarization

B. Groupthink

According to the romantic love as an attachment perspective, one's intimate relationships in adulthood follow the same form as one's attachments first formed A. to caregivers in infancy. B. to one's first romantic partners in adolescence. C. to one's adult role models in childhood. D. to peers in childhood.

A. to caregivers in infancy.

In general, messages that present ____ arguments are effective in persuasion because that style of argument tends to increase the credibility of the source. A. two-sided B. one-sided C. fear-arousing D. emotion-calming

A. two-sided

Eric has joined a new fraternity. Based on the research conducted by Krebs and Denton, if the other fraternity members now consider Eric as part of their ingroup, they are MORE likely to A. view him in a generally positive light. B. remember things that he does with greater accuracy. C. view him in somewhat negative terms. D. pay less attention to his actions and ideas.

A. view him in a generally positive light.

In his studies on conformity, Asch found that if a group of people espouse an opinion contradictory to one's own opinion, one is most likely to A. voice the group's opinion. B. voice one's own opinion, even though it's contradictory. C. echo the opinion of the nearest group member. D. show mild symptoms of learned helplessness.

A. voice the group's opinion.

Conformity occurs when people A. yield to real or imagined social pressure. B. follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority. C. change their behavior as a result of receiving a persuasive argument. D. change their behavior as a result of observational learning.

A. yield to real or imagined social pressure.

A group of six college students observe a fellow student stumble and fall down a flight of stairs. No one goes to check to see if the student needs help. Which of the following statements BEST illustrates diffusion of responsibility? A. "I was pretty far away when it happened" B. "I thought someone else would go help" C. "I didn't want to embarrass the student who fell by making a big deal about it" D. "I don't know first aid"

B. "I thought someone else would go help"

Milgram's original study found that approximately ____ of subjects exhibited obedience by administering all 30 levels of electric shock. A. 35% B. 65% C. 85% D. 15%

B. 65%

According to dissonance theory, how do people usually reduce dissonance? A. By changing their emotions B. By changing their cognitions C. By changing their behaviors D. By changing their perceptions

B. By changing their cognitions

A small public relations firm has four employees who are all opposed to the death penalty (anti-death penalty). Which employee would be MOST likely to change his attitude concerning the death penalty? A. Aaron, who writes a brief anti-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend B. Clark, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend C. Bruce, who writes a brief anti-death penalty piece for a client and is paid D. Dale, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece for a client and is paid

B. Clark, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend

A small public relations firm has four employees who are all opposed to the death penalty (anti-death penalty). Which employee would be MOST likely to change his attitude concerning the death penalty? A. Bruce, who writes a brief anti-death penalty piece for a client and is paid B. Clark, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend C. Aaron, who writes a brief anti-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend D. Dale, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece for a client and is paid

B. Clark, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on conformity and obedience is MOST accurate? A. Conformity and obedience appear to be unique to American culture. B. Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures. C. Replications of Milgram's study in other countries have generally resulted in low levels of obedience. D. Studies of conformity and obedience have yielded virtually identical results across a variety of cultures.

B. Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.

Which of the following is MOST likely to be a factor that contributes to group polarization? A. Obedience B. Conformity C. The bystander effect D. Social loafing

B. Conformity

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of groupthink? A. Dividing the world into the ingroup and the outgroup B. Gathering all the relevant information before making a decision C. Censoring dissent from group members D. Censoring information that contradicts the group's views

B. Gathering all the relevant information before making a decision

When the jury entered the jury room, most of the members thought that the defendant in the case was probably innocent, but some weren't certain. After discussing the case for four hours, all 12 jurors are now firmly convinced that the defendant did not commit the crime. The strengthening of the jurors' opinions following group discussion is consistent with which of the following processes? A. The bystander effect B. Group polarization C. Groupthink D. Reciprocity

B. Group polarization

Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and polarizing ingroup and outgroup are basic features of which of the following? A. Social loafing B. Groupthink C. Group polarization D. Social diffusion

B. Groupthink

Which of the following individuals is noted for developing the theory of cognitive dissonance? A. Sigmund Freud B. Leon Festinger C. Albert Bandura D. Daryl Bem

B. Leon Festinger

Which of the following social influence techniques involves getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed? A. Foot-in-the-door technique B. Lowball technique C. Highball technique D. Reciprocity norm

B. Lowball technique

Which of the following statements concerning cultural variations regarding marriage relationships is FALSE? A. Arranged marriages are common in collectivist societies B. People from collectivist societies report that romantic love is very important in marriage C. Cultures are often similar in what traits people look for in a potential mate D. Cultures vary in the emphasis placed on passionate love

B. People from collectivist societies report that romantic love is very important in marriage

Rodney has an unfavorable attitude toward his astronomy professor. In explaining Rodney's attitude, a psychologist who took an operant conditioning perspective would consider A. how Rodney feels about his other professors. B. Rodney's history of reinforcement and punishment in dealing with his astronomy professor. C. the astronomy professor's personality and general attitude toward Rodney. D. how other students in the class feel about this particular professor.

B. Rodney's history of reinforcement and punishment in dealing with his astronomy professor.

According to evolutionary theorists, which of the following factors is likely to be the MOST important for a female seeking a prospective mate? A. Physical attractiveness B. Social status C. Youthfulness D. Physical strength

B. Social status

Which of the following is MOST likely to function as a group? A. The audience in a theater B. The board of trustees of a college C. Passengers in an airplane D. Shoppers at a mall

B. The board of trustees of a college

Unjustly blaming victims for their misfortune defines A. a risky shift. B. a defensive attribution. C. a stereotypic response. D. an ingroup/outgroup effect.

B. a defensive attribution.

A father suggests that his son's low marks in school are due to the child's laziness. The father has made A. a distinctive attribution. B. an internal attribution. C. a situational attribution. D. an external attribution.

B. an internal attribution.

A father suggests that his son's low marks in school are due to the child's laziness. The father has made A. a situational attribution. B. an internal attribution. C. a distinctive attribution. D. an external attribution.

B. an internal attribution.

Milton has always been "in love with the idea of being in love," yet his romances have been threatened by his feelings of jealousy. His current girlfriend, Emilia, often assures him that she'll love him forever, but he's not so sure about that. Hazan and Shaver (1987) would say that Milton is A. avoidant. B. anxious-ambivalent. C. secure. D. perfectly normal.

B. anxious-ambivalent.

Patty is a member of a jury and just voted "guilty." All the other jury members have voted "not guilty." At this point in time, the other jury members should classify Patty A. as outside their latitude of acceptance. B. as a member of their outgroup. C. using a confirmation bias. D. as a member of their ingroup.

B. as a member of their outgroup.

According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, when people ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages, it is referred to as the A. subjective route. B. central route. C. objective route. D. peripheral route.

B. central route.

A recent anti-smoking campaign on television showed graphic images of the internal effects of smoking. Twelve-year-old Kandice has seen a number of these ads, and they made her feel nauseated. Now she finds that she has developed an unfavorable attitude toward smoking. In this case, Kandice's attitude appears to have developed as a result of A. cognitive dissonance. B. classical conditioning. C. observational learning. D. operant conditioning.

B. classical conditioning.

Philip has a favorable attitude toward John Welkes, who is currently running for reelection. He knows that Welkes voted in favor of a number of issues that Philip supports, and he knows that Welkes always works hard for local residents. This knowledge base forms part of the ________________component of Philip's attitude toward John Welkes. A. physiological B. cognitive C. behavioral D. affective

B. cognitive

The state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent or contradict one another is known as A. conformity. B. cognitive dissonance. C. obedience. D. discrimination.

B. cognitive dissonance.

Individuals' productivity typically ____ in larger groups, partly due to ____. A. increases; concern about being observed and evaluated by other group members B. declines; reduced efficiency due to the loss of coordination among group members' efforts C. increases; commitment to the group's goals D. declines; positive reinforcement from other group members for reduced productivity

B. declines; reduced efficiency due to the loss of coordination among group members' efforts

Social loafing is MORE likely to occur if the A. group leader is directive and the members are cohesive. B. group members feel that the responsibility for getting the job done is diffused among the members of the group. C. size of the group exceeds 10 members. D. task is unfamiliar and the members are concerned about the group's image.

B. group members feel that the responsibility for getting the job done is diffused among the members of the group.

The NASA personnel who were in charge of the Space Shuttle launch had clear evidence that freezing temperatures could pose a problem for the Shuttle, but they chose to ignore the evidence and proceeded with the launch anyway. The process that would BEST explain why the launch went ahead, even though there was evidence that indicated it should be delayed, is A. collectivism. B. groupthink. C. reciprocity. D. group polarization.

B. groupthink.

If a person has a prejudice involving a group of people, it is MOST accurate to state that the person also ____ the same group of people. A. has had direct contact with individuals from B. has a stereotype involving C. has not had direct contact with individuals from D. discriminates against

B. has a stereotype involving

Bill is a subject in an experiment designed to imitate cheering at an athletic event and is asked to make as much noise as he can by cheering and clapping. Bill will probably make the LEAST noise if A. he believes he is in a group of people all making noise at the same time. B. he is in a group of people all making noise at the same time. C. he believes he is the only person making noise. D. he is the only person making noise.

B. he is in a group of people all making noise at the same time.

Rita believes that racial prejudice is wrong, but she also possesses subtle negative views about other races. Rita's negative views make up her A. defined attitudes. B. implicit attitudes. C. explicit attitudes. D. peripheral attitudes.

B. implicit attitudes.

Rita believes that racial prejudice is wrong, but she also possesses subtle negative views about other races. Rita's negative views make up her A. defined attitudes. B. implicit attitudes. C. peripheral attitudes. D. explicit attitudes.

B. implicit attitudes.

According to evolutionary psychologists, we tend to view members of outgroups A. as superior to us. B. in terms of various negative stereotypes. C. as potential mates. D. as role models.

B. in terms of various negative stereotypes.

Persuasion is MOST likely to be successful when the source of the persuasive communication A. will personally benefit from changing the receiver's attitudes. B. is perceived as trustworthy. C. is highly dissimilar to the receiver. D. is perceived as highly ingratiating.

B. is perceived as trustworthy.

Kate had parents who were warm and responsive while she was an infant. According to the theory developed by Hazan and Shaver, as an adult Kate is MOST likely to find A. she has a wide circle of superficial friends, but very few close friends. B. it is relatively easy for her to form close relationships with others. C. her relationships lack intimacy and trust. D. it is difficult to trust other people or become close to them.

B. it is relatively easy for her to form close relationships with others.

Maria is driving along her normal route to work when a police officer stops her and directs her to take a different route. She is not sure why she has to take the detour, but she does what the police officer tells her to do. The process that BEST explains Maria's actions in this instance is A. ingratiation. B. obedience. C. reciprocity. D. conformity.

B. obedience.

Matthew often hears his parents discussing the importance of making lots of money. Eventually, Matthew himself begins to value a high income. Matthew's attitude about money was acquired through A. reinforcement. B. observational learning. C. punishment. D. classical conditioning.

B. observational learning.

Romantic relationships characterized by a couple's complete absorption in one another and that include strong emotions and tender sexual feelings are termed A. companionate love. B. passionate love. C. committed love. D. intimate love.

B. passionate love.

Irving attends a debate concerning term limits for politicians. Two of the speakers argue that all politicians should be limited to two consecutive terms in office; two of the speakers argue that there should be no term limits imposed. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, Irving should be MOST convinced by a A. concerned citizen who argued against term limits. B. second-term politician who argued in favor of term limits. C. concerned citizen who argued in favor of term limits. D. second-term politician who argued against term limits.

B. second-term politician who argued in favor of term limits.

The illusory correlation effect occurs when we A. are motivated to accurately estimate the frequency with which some pattern of social traits occurs. B. see correlations between social traits that really aren't there, because our expectations distort our memories. C. incorrectly assume that one social trait is the cause of another, simply because we have observed that they are correlated. D. fail to see true correlations between social traits, because our expectations distort our memories.

B. see correlations between social traits that really aren't there, because our expectations distort our memories.

The subfield of psychology that studies attitudes, the attribution process, person perceptions, interpersonal attraction, conformity and obedience, and group behavior is known as A. sociocultural psychology. B. social psychology. C. neuropsychology. D. environmental psychology.

B. social psychology.

Marsha believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls for an exclusive story. In this case, Marsha's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of news reporters are one example of A. the matching hypothesis. B. stereotypes. C. a confirmation bias. D. the fundamental attribution error.

B. stereotypes.

Newton believes that all airline pilots are calm, cool individuals who never get excited or show any strong emotional responses. In this case, Newton's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of airline pilots are one example of A. a confirmation bias. B. stereotypes. C. the fundamental attribution error. D. the matching hypothesis.

B. stereotypes.

In recent election campaigns, there has been much criticism that campaign ads focus too much on building attractive images for candidates and too little on substantive issues of genuine importance. These two ways of trying to influence voters are dealt with by the approach to persuasion called A. dissonance theory. B. the elaboration likelihood model. C. balance theory. D. self-perception theory.

B. the elaboration likelihood model.

According to the romantic love as an attachment perspective, one's intimate relationships in adulthood follow the same form as one's attachments first formed A. to one's first romantic partners in adolescence. B. to caregivers in infancy. C. to peers in childhood. D. to one's adult role models in childhood.

B. to caregivers in infancy.

In general, messages that present ____ arguments are effective in persuasion because that style of argument tends to increase the credibility of the source. A. one-sided B. two-sided C. fear-arousing D. emotion-calming

B. two-sided

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic elements involved in persuasion? A. Message B. Source C. Attribution D. Channel

C. Attribution

According to Hazan and Shaver's model of infant attachment and romantic love, adults with which of the following attachment styles are most likely to engage in casual sex? A. Secure B. Anxious-ambivalent C. Avoidant D. Insecure

C. Avoidant

Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines which of the following terms? A. Obedience B. Groupthink C. Conformity D. Cognitive dissonance

C. Conformity

Which of the following individuals is noted for developing the theory of cognitive dissonance? A. Albert Bandura B. Daryl Bem C. Leon Festinger D. Sigmund Freud

C. Leon Festinger

Which of the following individuals is noted for developing the theory of cognitive dissonance? A. Sigmund Freud B. Albert Bandura C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem

C. Leon Festinger

The fact that physical appearance can color people's perception of a person's ability and that social schemas lead people to see what they expect to see illustrates which of your textbooks unifying themes? A. Behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage. B. Psychology is theoretically diverse. C. Our experience of the world is highly subjective D. Psychology is empirical.

C. Our experience of the world is highly subjective

The fact that physical appearance can color people's perception of a person's ability and that social schemas lead people to see what they expect to see illustrates which of your textbooks unifying themes? A. Psychology is theoretically diverse. B. Psychology is empirical. C. Our experience of the world is highly subjective D. Behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

C. Our experience of the world is highly subjective

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning attitudes? A. People are not attracted to others based on their attitudes because attitudes and attraction are independent. B. People are equally likely to be attracted to people with similar and dissimilar attitudes. C. People are more likely to be attracted to someone with similar attitudes. D. People are more likely to be attracted to someone with dissimilar attitudes.

C. People are more likely to be attracted to someone with similar attitudes.

Which of the following is the BEST statement of conclusion concerning Milgram's classic study involving the learner, teacher, and ostensible shock? A. The more people there are who observe someone in need of help, the less likely anyone is to help. B. Aggression seems to be a more potent force in human nature than had previously been suspected. C. People have a strong tendency to obey an authority even if their actions may harm others. D. Under certain circumstances, people seem to enjoy the opportunity to be cruel to others.

C. People have a strong tendency to obey an authority even if their actions may harm others.

Which of the following is NOT a reason evolutionary psychologists propose to explain the biases associated with person perception? A. Physical attractiveness was associated with reproductive potential of females B. Physical attractiveness was associated with health and vigor of males C. Physical attractiveness was associated primarily with friends and not foes D. There was a need to quickly categorize others as friend or foe

C. Physical attractiveness was associated primarily with friends and not foes

Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on obedience to authority? A. Solomon Asch B. Daryl Bem C. Stanley Milgram D. Leon Festinger

C. Stanley Milgram

According to Janis, what is the major cause of groupthink? A. Diffusion of responsibility B. The tendency of group members to grandstand C. Strong group cohesion D. Group conflict

C. Strong group cohesion

Laura is planning to buy a new car and is trying to decide between a Ford and a Honda. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, Laura should be MOST persuaded by statements made by A. a Honda salesperson who recommends buying a Honda. B. her boyfriend, because males are more persuasive than females. C. a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford. D. her mother, because family members are more persuasive than strangers.

C. a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford.

You would be MOST likely to accept the suggestion that the country needs a reduction in corporate taxes if it was made by A. Enron's CEO. B. a manufacturer's representative. C. a noted economics professor. D. the Republican president.

C. a noted economics professor.

According to the elaboration likelihood model, TV advertisements for Tylenol that use an attractive famous actor who portrays a doctor in a television series to promote the product are using A. central route. B. fear appeal. C. a peripheral route. D. foot-in-the-door technique.

C. a peripheral route.

According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance research, you would predict GREATEST attitudinal change in a person who is led to lie by A. an offer of $1 to do so. B. an offer of $50 to do so. C. a simple request to do so. D. an offer of extra grade points to do so.

C. a simple request to do so.

The application of classical conditioning principles is most directly associated with the ____ component of attitudes. A. perceptual B. behavioral C. affective D. cognitive

C. affective

All of the following statements concerning stereotypes are accurate EXCEPT A. stereotyping is a normal cognitive process. B. common stereotypes are based on gender, ethnicity, and occupation. C. all social schemas are stereotypes. D. stereotypes are frequently broad overgeneralizations.

C. all social schemas are stereotypes.

Love as the basis for marriage is A. a product of Asian collectivism. B. virtually universal across all cultures. C. an 18th-century invention of Western culture. D. unique to the United States.

C. an 18th-century invention of Western culture.

Sharon has met three musicians who have had full beards and three musicians who were clean-shaven. Still, she believes that MOST musicians have beards. Sharon's belief reflects A. the fundamental attribution error. B. an egocentric slant. C. an illusory correlation. D. a confirmation bias.

C. an illusory correlation.

Milton has always been "in love with the idea of being in love," yet his romances have been threatened by his feelings of jealousy. His current girlfriend, Emilia, often assures him that she'll love him forever, but he's not so sure about that. Hazan and Shaver (1987) would say that Milton is A. secure. B. avoidant. C. anxious-ambivalent. D. perfectly normal.

C. anxious-ambivalent.

Scott spent a great deal of time and money on becoming a member of a certain club, yet later discovered that the members of the club were boring. According to dissonance theory, Scott would MOST likely A. now "bad mouth" the club to his friends. B. try to modify the behavior of the current club members. C. continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friends. D. engage in denial and disengagement as part of his defensive attribution.

C. continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friends.

Obedience is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to A. implied pressure. B. requests from others. C. direct commands. D. persuasive communications.

C. direct commands.

A shift toward more extreme decisions in a group as a function of discussion is referred to as A. biased decision-making. B. the bystander effect. C. group polarization. D. diffusion of responsibility.

C. group polarization.

According to evolutionary psychologists, we tend to view members of outgroups A. as superior to us. B. as potential mates. C. in terms of various negative stereotypes. D. as role models.

C. in terms of various negative stereotypes.

Attribution refers to A. widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. B. the process of forming impressions of others. C. inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior and the behavior of others. D. positive feelings toward another person.

C. inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior and the behavior of others.

As a result of the fundamental attribution error, if you observe a construction worker relaxing under a tree, you would be MOST likely to conclude that the worker A. is taking a break because it is hot and humid today. B. is taking a well-deserved break after strenuous work. C. is lazy. D. is taking his scheduled work break.

C. is lazy.

Groupthink is MORE likely when the group A. experiences any of these things B. does not have a designated leader. C. is under pressure to make a major decision. D. must justify its decision to other groups in the same organization.

C. is under pressure to make a major decision.

Tina recently lost over half the money she had put away for her retirement. If Webster concludes that Tina lost the money because the stock market took a significant downturn, he has A. been influenced by an illusory correlation. B. made the fundamental attribution error. C. made an external attribution. D. made an internal attribution.

C. made an external attribution.

Dallas watches as Rhoda missteps in the cafeteria and spills coffee on herself and two other students. If Dallas concludes that Rhoda is an uncoordinated "klutz" who wasn't paying attention to what she was doing, he has A. made an external attribution. B. been influenced by an illusory correlation. C. made an internal attribution. D. made a self-serving attribution.

C. made an internal attribution.

Carly is watching television and notices that she has seen the same commercial four times during the same program. She wonders why a company would pay for so many identical advertisements, so it seems she is unfamiliar with the A. perceptive effect. B. one-sided effect. C. mere exposure effect. D. projective effect.

C. mere exposure effect.

In persuasion, the information transmitted is referred to as the A. sales pitch. B. medium. C. message. D. argument.

C. message.

Evolutionary psychologists ascribe much of the bias in person perception to cognitive mechanisms that have been shaped by A. relationships with others. B. childhood experiences. C. natural selection. D. parental attitudes.

C. natural selection.

Maria is driving along her normal route to work when a police officer stops her and directs her to take a different route. She is not sure why she has to take the detour, but she does what the police officer tells her to do. The process that BEST explains Maria's actions in this instance is A. ingratiation. B. reciprocity. C. obedience. D. conformity.

C. obedience.

The results of Burger's recent replication of Milgram's obedience study suggest that A. contemporary research participants respond only to stronger authority figures. B. people's tendency to obey has declined greatly since Milgram's study. C. people's tendency to obey has remained about the same since Milgram's study. D. contemporary research participants respond both to male and female authority figures.

C. people's tendency to obey has remained about the same since Milgram's study.

Compared with attractive people, less attractive people A. delude themselves into thinking their partners are more attractive than they really are. B. are indifferent to physical appearance. C. place less emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness. D. try to date people who are much more attractive than themselves.

C. place less emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness.

In terms of personality characteristics, people who are good looking tend to be viewed as A. intelligent and nonconforming. B. honest and truthful. C. sociable, friendly, and warm. D. dominant and perceptive.

C. sociable, friendly, and warm.

Maya has always preferred individual assignments to group projects because she finds that she can accomplish more when she works on her own. The process that would best explain why Maya accomplishes LESS when she works as part of a group is A. the bystander effect. B. social dissonance. C. social loafing. D. social interference.

C. social loafing.

The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is known as A. conformity. B. deindividuation. C. social loafing. D. group polarization.

C. social loafing.

The primary explanation(s) suggested to explain the behavior of the prison guards and prisoners in the Stanford Prison Simulation was A. conformity and situational factors. B. obedience. C. social roles and situational factors. D. group polarization.

C. social roles and situational factors.

Weiner suggested that when making attributions for success and failure, people focus on the ____ dimension concerning causes that contribute to the behavior. A. unique-common B. optimistic-pessimistic C. stable-unstable D. internal-external

C. stable-unstable

When Darren's classmate earns a D on an essay for their history class, Darren figures the classmate is unmotivated and should have spent more time working on the paper and less time socializing. The classmate is disappointed with her grade, but she knows she didn't have much time to work on the essay because she had to work double shifts the entire week before the paper was due. The different attributions for the low grade on the essay illustrate A. cognitive dissonance. B. the self-serving bias. C. the actor-observer bias. D. defensive attributions.

C. the actor-observer bias.

When Darren's classmate earns a D on an essay for their history class, Darren figures the classmate is unmotivated and should have spent more time working on the paper and less time socializing. The classmate is disappointed with her grade, but she knows she didn't have much time to work on the essay because she had to work double shifts the entire week before the paper was due. The different attributions for the low grade on the essay illustrate A. the self-serving bias. B. cognitive dissonance. C. the actor-observer bias. D. defensive attributions.

C. the actor-observer bias.

Warren tells Cokie that he can't believe it, but he scored 98% on his linear algebra midterm. Cokie decides that Warren must be very bright if he earns such high grades in math courses. Cokie's attribution for the cause of Warren's high grade is consistent with A. a self-serving bias. B. drawing an illusory correlation. C. the fundamental attribution error. D. a defensive attribution.

C. the fundamental attribution error.

In general, messages that present ____ arguments are effective in persuasion because that style of argument tends to increase the credibility of the source. A. emotion-calming B. one-sided C. two-sided D. fear-arousing

C. two-sided

In his studies on conformity, Asch found that if a group of people espouse an opinion contradictory to one's own opinion, one is most likely to A. voice one's own opinion, even though it's contradictory. B. echo the opinion of the nearest group member. C. voice the group's opinion. D. show mild symptoms of learned helplessness.

C. voice the group's opinion.

Research on physical attractiveness has shown that A. judgments of women's personalities are affected by their physical attractiveness, but judgments of men's personalities are not. B. men are more likely than women to make biased judgments of others based on physical appearance. C. we tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to good-looking people. D. most people disregard physical attractiveness when forming first impressions of people.

C. we tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to good-looking people.

Which of the following factors is NOT one that influences a person's initial attraction to someone else? A. Physical attractiveness B. Similarity in attitudes C. Similarity in values D. Attributional style

D. Attributional style

Alphonse failed his geology midterm. According to Weiner's attributional model, if Alphonse makes an external-unstable attribution for his failure, he is MOST likely to say, A. "That professor has impossible exams; if I retake the class with a different professor, I'll probably do much better." B. "I just can't seem to catch on in my geology classes, and I don't think I'll ever learn all those terms." C. "I was really tired during the exam because I had to work the late shift the night before the exam." D. "It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn't study."

D. "It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn't study."

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on conformity and obedience is MOST accurate? A. Replications of Milgram's study in other countries have generally resulted in low levels of obedience. B. Conformity and obedience appear to be unique to American culture. C. Studies of conformity and obedience have yielded virtually identical results across a variety of cultures. D. Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.

D. Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.

Advertisements that include phrases like "limited supply available" or "for a limited time only" are making use of which of the following social influence techniques? A. Lowball technique B. Reciprocity norm C. Foot-in-the-door technique D. Feigned scarcity

D. Feigned scarcity

Rick is very involved in his community and has a strong attitude concerning the mayor of his city. Which of the following statements illustrates the affective component of Rick's attitude concerning the mayor? A. He believes the mayor has many important issues to deal with in the upcoming year B. He believes the mayor has initiated some excellent programs C. He volunteers to make phone calls on election day for the mayor's campaign D. He feels proud when the mayor represents his city at the state capital

D. He feels proud when the mayor represents his city at the state capital

Which statement is NOT an accurate reflection of relationships on the Internet? A. Relationships that begin on the Internet are as stable as traditional relationships. B. Similarity of interests assumes more power than in face-to-face relationships. C. Internet relationships are just as intimate as face-to-face ones. D. Internet relationships seldom evolve into face-to-face relationships.

D. Internet relationships seldom evolve into face-to-face relationships.

Joel and Kirk both work with a stock brokerage firm. Joel is considered to be extremely attractive, and Kirk is considered to be average in appearance. Based on research that has investigated the effects of physical appearance in person perception, you should predict that A. Kirk will be perceived as being more submissive and naïve. B. Joel will be perceived as having greater integrity and being more honest. C. Kirk will tend to receive better performance evaluations than Joel for equivalent work. D. Joel will tend to receive better performance evaluations than Kirk for equivalent work.

D. Joel will tend to receive better performance evaluations than Kirk for equivalent work.

Although Maxine has never actually met anybody who is Russian, she is convinced that all Russians are sneaky individuals who can't be trusted. The social identity perspective would predict that A. Maxine's self-worth will decline as she engages in the derogation of the Russian people. B. Maxine will never befriend a anyone of Russian decent. C. Maxine will show ingroup favoritism for a new Russian coworker. D. Maxine will engage in outgroup derogation of Russians.

D. Maxine will engage in outgroup derogation of Russians.

Which of the following is NOT a necessary component for describing or defining a group? A. A group consists of two or more individuals B. Members of a group are interdependent C. Members of a group interact D. Members of a group are cohesive

D. Members of a group are cohesive

According to evolutionary psychologists, which of the following characteristics in a prospective mate would be the LEAST important consideration for a woman seeking a mate? A. Financial potential B. Ambition C. Social status D. Physical attractiveness

D. Physical attractiveness

Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on conformity? A. Leon Festinger B. Daryl Bem C. Stanley Milgram D. Solomon Asch

D. Solomon Asch

Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of a group? A. It consists of two or more people B. The group members are interdependent C. Group members must interact with each other D. The members must meet face-to-face

D. The members must meet face-to-face

In Milgram's research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher questioned whether the experiment should continue? A. The teacher was requested to change places with the learner. B. The teacher was shocked. C. The teacher was verbally abused. D. The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.

D. The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.

Leslie tends to engage in sex to reduce her feelings of insecurity and to enhance the closeness of her relationship. MOST likely, Leslie has ____ attachment style. A. a secure B. an avoidant C. a manipulative D. an anxious-ambivalent

D. an anxious-ambivalent

Leslie tends to engage in sex to reduce her feelings of insecurity and to enhance the closeness of her relationship. MOST likely, Leslie has ____ attachment style. A. an avoidant B. a manipulative C. a secure D. an anxious-ambivalent

D. an anxious-ambivalent

Leslie tends to engage in sex to reduce her feelings of insecurity and to enhance the closeness of her relationship. MOST likely, Leslie has ____ attachment style. A. an avoidant B. a secure C. a manipulative D. an anxious-ambivalent

D. an anxious-ambivalent

Which of the following is NOT a major characteristic of successful persuasive communications that involve fear appeals? The negative consequences described A. are very unpleasant. B. are likely to occur if one does not follow the advice. C. are avoidable if one follows the advice. D. are associated with one's physical health.

D. are associated with one's physical health.

Harper is 35 years old and has just enrolled in his first university course. On the first day of class, he looks over the individuals in the room and sits next to another male student who appears to be in his early 30s. In this case, Harper has likely classified the other student A. as someone who has more university experience than Harper. B. as the teaching assistant for the class. C. using a self-serving bias. D. as a member of his ingroup.

D. as a member of his ingroup.

Harper is 35 years old and has just enrolled in his first university course. On the first day of class, he looks over the individuals in the room and sits next to another male student who appears to be in his early 30s. In this case, Harper has likely classified the other student A. using a self-serving bias. B. as the teaching assistant for the class. C. as someone who has more university experience than Harper. D. as a member of his ingroup.

D. as a member of his ingroup.

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events and theirs and others' behaviors are known as A. prejudices. B. self-serving biases. C. stereotypes. D. attributions.

D. attributions.

Cognitive dissonance refers to the state one is in when A. beliefs are contrary to one's peer group. B. behaviors are socially undesirable. C. interpersonal relationships are unbalanced. D. cognitions are inconsistent.

D. cognitions are inconsistent.

Research has revealed higher levels of conformity in A. Western cultures than in Asian cultures. B. industrialized cultures than in non-industrialized cultures. C. individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures. D. collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures.

D. collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures.

Expertise and trustworthiness are two factors that affect the ____ of a source of a persuasive communication. A. message B. honesty C. likability D. credibility

D. credibility

Obedience is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to A. persuasive communications. B. requests from others. C. implied pressure. D. direct commands.

D. direct commands.

Nicole is a 30-year-old lawyer who holds very conservative views. She always votes the straight Republican ticket in every election. At a New Year's Eve party, she meets Frank who is also a 30-year-old lawyer but who holds very liberal views. He tells Nicole that he would never think of voting for a Republican candidate. Based on the research by Rosenbaum, you should predict that Nicole will A. be attracted to Frank because he holds opposite political views. B. be attracted to Frank because they are both lawyers. C. be attracted to Frank because they are similar in age. D. dislike Frank because he holds opposite political views.

D. dislike Frank because he holds opposite political views.

Kristen scrimped and saved for over a year so that she could afford a trip to the Super Bowl if her favorite team won the title. She was excited when her team made it to the Super Bowl, but the actual game was fairly boring and Kristen's favorite team lost. Still, when Kristen got back home, she told all her friends about the great time she had at the game. Kristen's attitude about the game she saw can BEST be explained by A. the matching hypothesis. B. a self-serving bias. C. ingratiation theory. D. effort justification.

D. effort justification.

When Stoner (1961) compared the average decision of a group's individual members against their group decision generated through group discussion, he found that A. individuals arrived at riskier decisions than groups. B. group members ignored the discussion and maintained their original decision. C. the longer the discussion continued, the riskier the group's decisions. D. groups arrived at riskier decisions than individuals.

D. groups arrived at riskier decisions than individuals.

Kirstie's boss asks for input about ways the company can improve its current advertising campaign. However, every time an employee offers a suggestion that differs from the plan that the boss has sketched out, the suggestion is ignored completely. In this case, it is likely that the group that is supposed to improve the company's advertising will experience the effects of A. group polarization. B. social interference. C. ingratiation. D. groupthink.

D. groupthink.

If a person has a prejudice involving a group of people, it is MOST accurate to state that the person also ____ the same group of people. A. has had direct contact with individuals from B. discriminates against C. has not had direct contact with individuals from D. has a stereotype involving

D. has a stereotype involving

If a person has a prejudice involving a group of people, it is MOST accurate to state that the person also ____ the same group of people. A. has had direct contact with individuals from B. has not had direct contact with individuals from C. discriminates against D. has a stereotype involving

D. has a stereotype involving

Observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of males; observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of females. A. external; internal B. internal; internal C. external; external D. internal; external

D. internal; external

Observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of males; observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of females. A. internal; internal B. external; external C. external; internal D. internal; external

D. internal; external

As a result of the fundamental attribution error, if you observe a construction worker relaxing under a tree, you would be MOST likely to conclude that the worker A. is taking a well-deserved break after strenuous work. B. is taking a break because it is hot and humid today. C. is taking his scheduled work break. D. is lazy.

D. is lazy.

Celine just heard that her neighbor, Rodney, was involved in an automobile accident. If Celine concludes that Rodney's children distracted him for a few seconds and that was the reason for the accident, she has A. been influenced by an illusory correlation. B. made the fundamental attribution error. C. made an internal attribution. D. made an external attribution.

D. made an external attribution.

Tally just heard that her neighbor, Rupert, was involved in an automobile accident. If Tally concludes that Rupert's reckless driving habits caused the accident, she has A. made a self-serving attribution. B. been influenced by an illusory correlation. C. made an external attribution. D. made an internal attribution.

D. made an internal attribution.

Research indicates that when women are approaching ovulation, they prefer men who are A. happy-go-lucky. B. good with children. C. suspicious and aggressive. D. masculine and dominant.

D. masculine and dominant.

William always does what his friends want to do because he is afraid of being criticized if he does not conform. William appears to be conforming because of A. implicit influences. B. outgroup influences. C. informational influences. D. normative influences.

D. normative influences.

While at the dentist, six-year-old Alex listens as his mom tells the dentist she flosses her teeth at least three times a week. Alex notices that the dentist smiled at and complimented his mom on her behavior. As a result of this brief encounter, Alex's mom will be likely to continue to floss as a result of ____, and Alex will be likely to have a favorable attitude concerning flossing as a result of ____. A. observational learning; operant conditioning B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning C. operant conditioning; classical conditioning D. operant conditioning; observational learning

D. operant conditioning; observational learning

Whenever Scott sees Diana, he can feel his heart start to pound with excitement. Even though Scott and Diana have only dated a few times, Scott often becomes jealous when Diana talks to other men. He also finds he can't get her out of his mind when they are apart. According to Hatfield and Berscheid, Scott is experiencing A. consummate love. B. companionate love. C. reciprocal love. D. passionate love.

D. passionate love.

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute the crime and poverty of urban ethnic neighborhoods to the A. crowded living conditions in these neighborhoods. B. poor police protection in such areas. C. job discrimination experienced by the residents. D. personal qualities of the residents.

D. personal qualities of the residents.

Samantha had not really thought much about who should get her vote, but for the entire month before the election, she constantly heard messages saying, "Vote for Don Green. He's the best person for the job." On election day, after voting for Don Green, she told her friends that she believed he truly was the best candidate. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, it appears that Samantha has been influenced MOST by A. the presentation of a one-sided argument. B. Don Green's trustworthiness and likeability. C. Don Green's expertise and credibility. D. repetition of a message.

D. repetition of a message.

Kevin is the Human Resources manager for a large company. He actually has a favorable attitude toward the handicapped in general. However, he hasn't hired anyone who has a visible disability because his boss told him not to consider applicants who are handicapped. In this case, Kevin A. is showing neither prejudice nor discrimination. B. is displaying both prejudice and discrimination. C. shows evidence of prejudice but not discrimination. D. shows evidence of discrimination but not prejudice.

D. shows evidence of discrimination but not prejudice.

Actors and observers tend to give different explanations for the same instance of behavior because A. only outside observers can accurately explain actors' behavior. B. only actors themselves can accurately explain their own behavior. C. observers tend to possess more knowledge than the actors. D. situational pressures may not be readily apparent to an observer.

D. situational pressures may not be readily apparent to an observer.

In terms of personality characteristics, people who are good looking tend to be viewed as A. dominant and perceptive. B. honest and truthful. C. intelligent and nonconforming. D. sociable, friendly, and warm.

D. sociable, friendly, and warm.

In terms of personality characteristics, people who are good looking tend to be viewed as A. intelligent and nonconforming. B. honest and truthful. C. dominant and perceptive. D. sociable, friendly, and warm.

D. sociable, friendly, and warm.

Maya has always preferred individual assignments to group projects because she finds that she can accomplish more when she works on her own. The process that would best explain why Maya accomplishes LESS when she works as part of a group is A. social dissonance. B. the bystander effect. C. social interference. D. social loafing.

D. social loafing.

Cross-cultural studies on gender differences in mate preferences find that females place a higher priority on A. kindness. B. good health. C. physical attractiveness. D. social status.

D. social status.

Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines A. schematizing. B. cultural direction. C. cognitive structuring. D. stereotypes.

D. stereotypes.

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the A. loss of identity one experiences in mob violence/aggression. B. halo effect in aggression. C. basis for performing prosocial behavior. D. tendency of others to assume that someone else will take responsibility in a crisis.

D. tendency of others to assume that someone else will take responsibility in a crisis.

Jeff, Greg, Dan, and Ray all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground. They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up, even though none of them had called 911. In this case, the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates the phenomenon known as A. social loafing. B. group polarization. C. a self-fulfilling prophecy. D. the bystander effect.

D. the bystander effect.

Quiz 11 of 20

Yay :D