PSYCH Chapter 2
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called...
neurotransmitters
What part of the brain controls language expression?
Broca's Area
What portion of the cerebral cortex receives information from visual fields?
Occipital Lobes
Which part of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which neurotransmitter stimulates muscle cells to contract but slows contractions in the heart?
Acetylcholine
What is the electrical charge that travels down an axon called?
Action Potential
What secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during times of stress?
Adrenal Glands
The neurons of the sensory pathway contain...
Afferent neurons
Heroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals and creating a "high" feeling. Heroin is an example of a(n):
Agonist
Two parts of the limbic system are the...
Amygdala & Hippocampus
If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?
Amygdala (the most ancient part of the brain, evolutionarily speaking)
The venom of a black widow spider acts like a(n) _____ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine.
An Agonist
Impairment of language caused by damage in the left hemisphere is called...
Aphasia
Which areas of the cerebral cortex are involved in higher mental functions like learning and thinking?
Association Areas
The sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the...
Autonomic Nervous System
What division of the peripheral nervous system controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs?
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary muscles are controlled by the _____ nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system
The neuron fiber that carries messages to other neurons is the...
Axon
Which part of neuron carries messages to the other cells?
Axon
What is the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes?
Biological Psychology
What makes up the central nervous system?
Brain & Spinal Cord
Which part of the brain is responsible for autonomic survival functions?
Brainstem
The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the...
Central Nervous System
The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the...
Cerebellum
What is the body's ultimate control and information processing center?
Cerebral Cortex
If your roommate has a problem paying attention, it may be due to damage to this part of the limbic system...
Cingulate Cortex
What connects the two brain hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
In the structure of the neuron, the _______ receives messages from other cells.
Dendrite
Which part of the neuron receives messages and conducts impluses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
What is a recording of the waves of electrical activity in the brain called?
EEG
What is the formation of new neurons called?
neurogenesis
What's the body's "slow" chemical communication system?
Endocrine System
This is associated with pain relief.
Endorphins
What neurotransmitters are linked to pain control and pleasure?
Endorphins
What portion of the cerebral cortex is involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements?
Frontal Lobes
Which action is NOT of glial cells?
Generating Actions Potentials
What chemical messengers travel through the blood stream and affect other tissues?
Hormones
The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking and body temperature is the...
Hypothalamus
When a neuron is in the resting potential state, the neuron is negatively charged on the ______ and positively charged on the ______.
Inside / Outside.
Which neurons communicate internally and intervene between sensory and motor outputs?
Interneurons
Jaime's grandfather recently suffered a stroke and has had difficulty with language production ever since. Most likely, he has experienced damage to the ______ area of his brain.
Left Frontal Area
What neural system is associated with emotions and drives?
Limbic System
Which brain scan shows brain anatomy?
MRI
Damage to the brain's right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person's ability to...
Make inferences
The brainstem is the oldest and innermost region of the brain. The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the...
Medulla
Which part of the brain controls voluntary movements?
Motor Cortex
Yvonne's ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the _____ pathway of the _______ nervous system.
Motor Pathway / Somatic Nervous System.
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known as...
Myelin
The _____ insulates and protects a neuron's axon, as well as helps to speed along electrical impulses.
Myelin Sheath
When a neuron's resting potential is occurring, the neuron is _______ charged on the inside.
Negatively charged on the inside.
What are bundled axons that connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs?
Nerves
What is a nerve cell called?
Neuron
What is the process whereby the structure and the function of brain cells change in the response to trauma, damage, or even learning?
Neuroplasticity
The primary visual cortex can be found in this lobe of the cortex.
Occipital Lobe
Which technique of studying the brain (scan) involves injecting the patient with radioactive glucose?
PET technique
As you take notes, your heart beats at a normal rate. Your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digests your earlier meal. What division of the peripheral nervous is currently in action?
Parasympathetic
Which part of the autonomic nervous system calms the body?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The ability to detect changes in temperature, pressure and body position is due to the functions of the _____ lobe.
Parietal Lobe
What portion of the cerebral cortex receives sensory input for touch and body positions?
Parietal Lobes
What nervous system includes sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
Robert has a difficulty sleeping for the past 6 months and his body seemingly no longer differentiates between night and day. His doctor believes the problem lies with Robert's endocrine system. What gland will Robert's physician focus on?
Pineal
The most influential endocrine gland is the...
Pituitary Gland
Which gland is known to influence all other glands within that endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
What is the brain's ability to change called?
Plasticity
Studies of people with split brains and brain scans of those with undivided brains indicate that the left hemisphere excels in...
Processing Language
The lower brain structure that governs arousal is the...
Reticular Formation
Although the brain works largely as a whole, what is not a correct pairing of the hemisphere and function?
Right; control of the right handed motor functions
The autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and glandular activity. The word "autonomic" means...
Self-regulating
Which part of the brain registers and processes body touch and movement sensations?
Sensory Cortex
What division of the peripheral nervous system controls the body's skeletal muscles?
Somatic Nervous System
What is a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres?
Split Brain
The tiny space between the axon of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron is called the...
Synaptic Gap
What portion of the cerebral cortex includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear?
Temporal Lobes
What is considered the brain's sensory "switchboard"?
Thalamus
Alexis and Theresa are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure the movements in their routine are perfectly timed. What part of their brains must Alexis and Theresa rely most upon?
The Cerebellum
What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the "rind" or outer covering?
The Cortex
Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of memories and is often linked to Alzheimer's disease?
The Hippocampus
If you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientists call....
The Reflex Arc
Which brain structure allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others?
The Reticular Formation
Maria often sleeps soundly and rarely awakens to any outside noise. However, the cries of Maria's baby can awaken her immediately. What part of the brain is responsible for this reaction?
The Reticular formation
Which part of the brain tends to process information globally?
The Right Hemisphere
What would be active if you have just had an automobile accident?
The Sympathetic Division
Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the what?
The Synaptic Gap
Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?
The Thalamus
Your psychology professor refers to this as "the great relay station of the brain." What part are they referring to?
The Thalamus
Bailey is a subject in a study on memory and problem solving. The researcher is applying magnetic pulses to her brain through copper wire coils positioned directly above her scalp. Bailey's study would best be described as...
The noninvasive stimulation technique
What is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse called?
Threshold
Andrew has always been thin. In fact, he often seems to be able to eat whatever he wants without gaining weight. The doctor told his parents that Andrew's ______ gland is the cause of his fast metabolism.
Thyroid Gland
What is a lesion?
Tissue Destruction
Jessica has suffered a severe blow to the back of the head when she was thrown from her horse. Subsequently, her occipital lobe has been injured. Which of her senses has the highest chance of being affected?
Vision
What part of the brain controls language reception?
Wernick's Area
You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What's more, your friends don't seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she holds up your lunch box and repeats, " You know, your tree limb." Your predicament in your dream is most like which of the aphasia disorders?
Wernicke's Aphasia
Felicia is recovering from a brain injury. She is able to speak fluently but often uses incorrect words in a sentence. In one instance, she said, "I would like something to drink. Can I have some battery?" This problem is known as....
Wernicke's Aphasia.
Plasticity is especially evident in the brains of...
Young Children
Which brain scans show brain function?
fMRI
What is a technique that analyzes blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain?
fMRI technique