Psych Chapter 6

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

ratio

# of responses

interval

amount of time

applications of operant conditioning

animal training, overcoming procrastination, superstitions, token economies, analysis of autism

all behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus response reaction with no regard for internal processes, psychology must focus on outward observable behavior that can be measured

behaviorism

when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is no reason to demonstrate it

latent learning

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

higher order conditioning (second order conditioning)

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

instinctive drift

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging or change of season, more complex, higher brain centers

instincts

innate behaviors that occur naturally

instincts and reflexes

behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated

law of effect

relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

learning

Bandura identifies 3 kinds of models:

live, verbal, symbolic

neuron involved in observational learning and empathy, activated when animal performs or observes action

mirror neuron

individuals performing the imitated behavior

models

remove an adverse stimulus to decrease behavior

negative punishment

undesirable stimulus is removed to increase behavior

negative reinforcement

no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

secondary reinforcer

responding more strongly over time to repeated exposure to stimulus

sensation

reward successive approximations of a target behavior

shaping

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

spontaneous recovery

when an organism learns to respond differently to to various stimuli that are similar

stimulus discrimination

natural (unlearned) reaction to given stimulus (dog's salivation)

unconditioned response (UCR)

a stimulus that elicits a reflective response in an organism (meat powder)

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

gets reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable

variable interval reinforcement

add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

positive punishment

desirable stimulus is added to increase behavior

positive reinforcement

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities, not learned, like water, food, shelter, sleep, sex

primary reinforcer

any outcome that weakens the probability of a response

punishment

motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment, simpler, involve specific body parts, primitive centers of CNS

reflexes

outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response

reinforcements

steps of shaping

1. reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior 2. reinforce response most closely resembles desired behavior, no longer reinforce previously reinforced response 3. reinforce response that even more closely resembles desired behavior 4. continue 5. only reinforce desired behavior

drawbacks of punishment on children

1. teaches fear 2. children become more aggressive

through his experiments, Pavlov realized that an organism has 2 types of responses to its environment

1. unconditioned (unlearned) responses 2. conditioned (learned) responses

several ways observational learning can occur

1. you learn a new response 2.you choose whether or not to imitate the model depending on what you saw happen to the model 3. you learn a general rule you can apply yo other situations

who proposed the law of effect?

E L Thorndike

Russian scientist known for dog experiments on classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

founder of behaviorism

John B Watson

we are evolutionarily predisposed to be more afraid of certain things

Preparedness

demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement (latent learning)

Tolman

initial period of learning, phase during which a CR is established

acquisition

organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

associative learning

specific steps in process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be successful

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

process by which we learn to associate stimuli and to anticipate events

classical conditioning

mental picture of the layout of the maze

cognitive map

response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that comes to be elicited by a neutral stimulus(salivation with tone only)

conditioned response (CR)

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (tone and meat powder)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior

continuous reinforcement

applications of classical conditioning

explains acquisition of fears and phobias (little albert), treat phobias (little peter)

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

extinction

set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli, simplest and earliest form of learning to develop

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

habituation

extinguish a response in a different setting in which it was acquired; when in original setting, extinguished response reappears

renewal effect

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (tone)

neutral stimulus (NS)

we learn by watching others and then imitating or modeling what they do or say

observational learning

form of learning in which the stimulus /experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

operant conditioning

occurs when we reinforce responses only some of the time, more resistant to extinction

partial reinforcement

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus

stimulus generalization

number of responses needed for a reward varies, most powerful partial reinforcement schedule

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

if you see a model being punished for their behavior, you will be less motivated to copy them

vicarious punishment

if you see a model reinforced for their behavior, you will be more motivated to copy them

vicarious reinforcement


Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

Unit 2 Review Federal Government

View Set

Chapter 14 Building Positive Employee Relations

View Set

Chapter 6: Human Behavior and Organizational Environment

View Set

PEDS Exam #1 Ch. 23: The Child with Respiratory Dysfunction

View Set

Test 3 investments CH. - 7,8,9,&10

View Set

Old Testament History and Literature

View Set