{Psych} Chapter 9: Intelligence

"Extraversion is an odd personality trait. In order to measure it, you need to know what we're actually trying to test. So, we make a flowchart to find out which specific trait (Sociability, responsbility, etc.) has the best validity over the idea of measuring extraversionistic behavior. We look at each trait and see what has the correlation coefficient closest to +1 to tell which type of test will have the highest validity in measuring extraversion" This scenario is an example of what type of content validity? Content Validity, Criterion-Related Validity, or construct validity?

Construct Validity. The lines of what to test are a bit blurry or abstract since we're looking at an odd type of personality trait.

There are three differenct types of Validity, what are they?

Content Validity, Criterion-Related Validity, and Construct Validity

Sir frances galton tried testing his theory via what?

He thought contents of the mind were build through elemenrary sensations, and that SMART PEOPLE would have HIGH SENSORY ACUTENESS.

IQ tests do well in countries with european roots, but not elsewere, why?

It's hard to share a test that was originally designed for one group of poeple. Some cultures just have different conceptions of what intelligence is and value certain mental skills over others.

This idea of Factor G was attacked by who and why?

L.L. Thurstone,

What are the three limits of heritability ratios?

1) It's a group statistic 2) You cant apply it meaningfully to individuals 3) Heretability may vary from one group to another

Galton's tests failed, but he did come up with what three very important things?

1) Nurture versus Nature 2) Correlation Coefficient 3) Percentile test scores

What are the two exaplanations for why the environment is to blame for the black and white IQ differences and not just genetics?

1) Socioeconomic (poverty existing for mainly the black population 2) Stereotype (Blacks knowing their stereotypes and being afraid of not conforming or using the stereotype as an excuse to ignore schooling) (Look at pg 180 for this)

Im going to list out three examples instead of defining the three validity types. Match the correct validity type with the given example and you'll understand it.

>

Basically, if the number of variables correlate highly with each other, the assumption is that what?

A SINGLE factor is influencing all of them

Intelligence tests measure academic ______ and are NOT what?

Academic potentional, they are NOT a measyre of previous learning. They measure the potential of the student

Sir francis galton from earlier was (inaccurate/accurate) when he said success ran in the family

Accurate

To further support the genetic theory, what group of sibglings had the lowest correlation?

Adopted

So since we said most people tend to average their idea that intelligence is hereditary around 50%, that means the other 50 percent lies more toward the enviroment. ______ studies show that kids not genertically related to their parents will tend to score similar IQ's of their parents

Adoption studies

What is an individual test and what is it NOT?

An individual test is one given ONLY by psychologists who have SPECIAL training. They work FACE TO FACE with a SINGLE person at a time. The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler scales are both individual IQ tests because if you remember those two took the IQ test right from Alfred Binet who was looking at individual kids reasoning skills FIRST HAND, the FIRST HAND part tells s this is individual and face to face. Individual tests are NOT the ACT, the SAT, the OGT

Describe what it means to appeal to ignorance

Attacking the other point of view for a fault because you lack evidence on your end. Like, saying ghosts dont exist because there isn't proof that they DO exist. In terms of intelligence, claiming that since we have no ecidnce that intelligence can be increased by the environment it means that intelligence must be more genetic.

Why are test scores to be viewed at cautiously?

Because of the limitations in the sampling process, sampling referring to the specific test on the specific day not accurately describing you fully

Is intelligence influenced by heredity or the environment?

Both, it's just a question of which one is more influencial.

"Starquashia takes an anthropology exam and finds multiple questions on the exam that the class did not review because their teacher is clearly a crackhead, this shows poor validity in the test but what kind of poor validity does it demonstrate?" Is this Content Validity, Criterion-Related Validity, or construct validity?

Content Validity. The test is not representative over the material it was SUPPOSED to cover.

So what's nice is intelligence isn't only genetic, in addition to adoption studies they also looked at kids with certain genetic similarities and see what happened when you took one of the kids to a more previeladged environment. They found that IQ scores are not uncahngeable and that they are sensitive to _______ influences such as location

Environmental

Now, a guy named Charles Spearman tried to come up with the idea of factor _______, which stated what?

FACTOR ANALYSIS, which states that correlations amoung various variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.

Charles Spearman concluded that, based on factor analysis, a single factor known as ______ influences all aspects, INCLUDING special abilities

Factor g (yo), basically general mental ability.

Sir Francis Galston was the first one to use intelligence testing. Galton studied what and concluded what? Galton Believed that what kind of families paved the way to success? Galton concluded that success runs in families because great intelligence is passed through what?

Galton studied FAMILY TREES, and found that sucess is OBVIOUS through generations. Galton believed WELL-BRED, UPPER CLASS families with access to GOOD SCHOOL and SOCIAL status paced the way to success. Galton concluded that success in families was passed via GENETIC INHERITENCE

To some up, IQ tests are both valid and reliable and have high reliability coefficients. They measure academic intelligence in that they predict _____, but they do NOT measure intelligence in a truly _____ sense.

Grades; general

Explain how the second guy our book talks about, Alfred Binet, changed education in 1904.

He came up with a test that measured general mental abilities using abstract reasoning (INSTEAD OF SENSORY LIKE GALTON) to see if a kid is special ed or not

What did Wechsler do with the idea of an IQ test? (general idea plus 3 specifics)

He came up with one specificall for adults...he also.... 1) Got away from verbal reasoining 2) Seperate verbal IQ, nonverbal, and full scale IQ 3) Based scoring off of Normal Distribution

To throw in some vocab, what would you call someone who lives in a good environment ant thus reaches the top of their inherited reaction range? What about someone who is in an average environment and reaches the middle of their reaction range? What about someone in the lowest?

High = Enriched environment and high side of the genetic reaction range scale Medium = Average environment and in the middle of the scale Low = Deprived envionment and lower end of their potential scale

So what happens when we look at identical twins versus fraternal twins in terms of intelligence? What kind of data do we see and what idea does this support?

Identical twins even when raised in different environments will display a very high correlation in intelligence with one another. While fraternal twins will show a lower correlation, even lower with simple siblings. This suggests that IQ is inherited to a high degree.

So, as job complexity goes up, mean correlation between general mental ability and job performance ______

Increases

What are the two MAIN types of psychologcal tests we take today?

Individual and group

Researchers also found high correlations between ______ and ______ that also seem to come with good school performance

Intelligence and Self-discipline

Mental tests are the most common psychological tests, they are even subdieded into what categories?

Intelligence, aptitude, and achievement

Modern IQ tests use the bell curve in what type of scoring? What's the modern IQ test scoring system and how does it work?

It's called Deviation IQ scores, they basically say that "100" is the average score (based on the whole mental age to chronological age deal). Now, 15 is the specified standard deviation, so if you score a 115 you score exactly 1 SD unit ABOVE the average score, and with 85 you would score exactly 1 SD unit BELOW the average score.

However, there is only a .37 correlation between IQ and good jobs, some kids who arent as smart still manage to get a good job through hard work and determination. What about the correlation between IQ and income?

It's even lower at .30

People who score high on IQ tests are more _____ than those who score low to end up in high-status jobs

Likely

What are the two principal types of tests?

Mental Ability and Personality tests

Alfred Binet came up with the idea of a mental ___

Mental age, which said that a kid has a mental performance typical of an average kid of a specific age

Define: Normal Distribution (bell curve(

Normal distribution is the idea of plotting data on a graph and looking at where most people score and then basing an individuals score off the average

In terms of correlation coefficients, a coefficient that is closest to (0,-1,+1) indicates an acceptable reliability for the test.

POSITIVE 1, NOT negative one OR 0.

Test norms allow you to convert your raw score into what?

Percentile score, which is the percentage of people who score at or below the score obtained.

Those three all fit under Mental Ability tests, but what was the second type of psychological test?

Personality

Personality tests measure various aspects of personality, including _____, i______, v______ and attitudes

Personality tests measure various aspects of personality, including motives, iinterests, values and attitudes

What's this whole thing with limits and scales called, officially?

Reaction range

What is reliability and why is it important?

Reliability is just the idea that tests need to consistent, like how you expect a thermometer to be reliable and give you consistent readings over time (in a room that remains the same temp)

Reliability for psychology tests can be measured by doing what with the experiment?

Retesting people later to see if their scores remain constant for something that is expected to be constant (like an aggresion exam)

L.L. Thurstone is the founder of the ___ and says that intelligence is carved out by DISTINCT PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES

SAT (and ACT)

Many psychologists prefer to call personality tests ______ because they have no right or wrong answer.

Scales

IQ tests were originally designed to predict what?

School performance

So, Intelligence tests are broad but measure potential, Aptitude tests are specific and also just measure potential, and lastly Achievment tests are (broad/specific) and measure (potential/previously learned info)

So, Intelligence tests are broad but measure potential, Aptitude tests are specific and also just measure potential, and lastly Achievment tests are (SPECIFIC) and measure (previously learned info)

Both personality scales and tests of mental abilities are ______measures of behaviors

Standardized

Describe Reification

Taking abstract concepts and making them real and even attemtping to over specify on them (like id, ego, superego, even attempts to quantifu "intelligence" which is an abstract concept)/ It's sort of like sig figs, you cant be more specific than your least specific number so how can we become so specific on something so abstract as integlligence?

What is a group test/

Tests you take in school with classes, time restratined and cheaper.

What is the single most important and strongest evidence on the idea that environmental factors do change?

The Flynn Effect

How is the IQ test different from the Binet mental age test?

The IQ simply builds on Binet's mental age so you can score it better. IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x100

Now another Binet by the same of Stanford-Binet along with a guy called Terman came up with what?

The IQ test

Describe emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understant and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.

Describe the flynn effect

The general and overal increase of the US IQ scores since the 1900's and the rapid increase in industrilization. Since gene pools could not change in that time, it must be the bettered environment being responsible for the increased average.

So we've talked about both genetic and environmental influences, but when it comes down to it they are both important. How do they interact according to Sandra Scarr?

The idea is that hereditary sets an interval in which environmental factors can work with. So, you are born with a certain range and your environment will determine whether or not you'll hit the top of the scale or sink to the lower areas of your scale/

Define: Heretability ratio

The percentage you give to a trait to say how likely it is to be inherited. SO like, height is 90% chance to be passed to kids.

The question isn't that blacks score lower, it's whether or not what?

The reason it's lower is because of what, genetic or environmental issues.

The second type of test, aptitude, are also designed to measure potential but what makes them different than intelligence tests?

They are just more specific, so there would be an aptitude tests on specific things like accuracy, space relations, spelling but on an intellectual test it wouldnt be so specific.

What about the third mental ability test, achievement?

They measure PREVIOUS learning instead of potential.

What's the general heritability ratio percent for IQ?

They tend to hover around 50%

"Pilots are given an aptitude test, Anna scores great on the aptitude test and also receives good reviews by the customers. This demonstrates that the apitutude test has a high validity, but what KIND of high validity?" Is this Content Validity, Criterion-Related Validity, or construct validity?

This is Criterion-Related Validity. We give the pilots a test to measure their abilities and we see how well that test measures the trait its supposed to measure, which in this case is the ability to be a good pilot.

Standardizes means everyone is given the same instructions, etc, whatever. What is a test norm?

This is the the idea of comparison amongst masses, giving psychologists the ability to judge you based on your relative scores of others.

So then, how can we see whether or not a successful family is influenced by genes or environment?

Twin studies

The IQ test was further expanded by ________

Wechsler

However, *family studies* can deteremine only whether genetic influence is palusible, not certain. Why?

Well the big question is, remember, whether environment or genes have the most affect. Even if you look at a successful family lineage, you have to remember that the family most likely also had the same environment, so it may not just be genes at the work

Is there a difference between general IQ for white people and other ethnic groups?

Yes, for example black people tend to score lower IQ scores

Do IQ tests have good validity? As in, are they good indicators of school performance?

Yes, kids who score higher on IQ tests tend to have a large positiive correlation coefficient in terms of their grades.

Do IQ tests have good realiability?

Yes, so when people retake them they will generally get the same score. However some factors like stress of lack of motivation can affect scores.

However, even though IQ can give an insight into a better worker, they found that as a job becomes more and more _______, IQ becomes a better and better ________ of performance.

complex; indicator

Emotional intelligence is the ablity to _____ with emotions and not just a test on personality

deal with emotions

So, we can conclude that intelligence fosters vocational success, but the strength of the relationship is ______

modest

Despite the lower correlation for IQ and good jobs/higher paying jobs, there is actually a .50 correlation between higher intelligence and job _______

performance

Even if a test is realiable, it doesn't mean it's VALID. What is validity?

the idea that a test was designed to measure what it was supposed to measure.