Psych chapters 5-9

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

Optic

A child's mother seldom objects if her child interrupts, and she seldom requires that her child take responsibility for cleaning his/her room or completing homework. This mother's parenting style would be considered

Permissive

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

Piaget's stages of cognitive development are, in order of increasing age:

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

Sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

Which of the following exemplified olfaction?

Smelling cookies in the oven

___ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person

Somatosensation

Which of the following exemplified gustation?

Tasting freshly caught salmon

What is amplitude?

The height of a wave

What do authoritative and authoritarian parents have in common?

They both have strict standards.

Elaborating rehearsal involves ___.

Thinking about the meaning of the new information and it's relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Children with ___ attachment show significant emotional distress when a parent leaves and alternate between clinging and shunning the parent when they return

ambivalent/resistant

Which parenting style is most likely to have strict guidelines about what is right and wrong and demand that the child adhere to those guidelines?

authoritarian parents

Competent children tend to have

authoritative parents

___ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

binocular

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

You find that your infant takes great pleasure in the game of peek-a-boo. What Piagetian concept explains this observation?

object permanence

Nicole graduated from high school and started college, because she didn't want to work. She has no idea what she wants to do with her life and has little motivation toward her studies. According to Erickson, Nicole is experiencing

role diffusion

Using Ainsworth's procedure, you observe an infant to mildly protest his mother's departure, seek reunion with her, and be readily comforted upon her return. You conclude that the infant is

securely attached

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

transience

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

In classical conditioning, the ___ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (ie. the stimulus)

unconditioned response

___ parents show little encouragement or warmth toward their children and tend to leave them on their own

uninvolved

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "drink cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "drink cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "drink cola" is an example of

A subliminal message

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

Sarah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sarah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sarah no longer perceived the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ___

Adaption

During a parent teacher conference, a father says, "my child will do what I say because I say so," "no ifs ands or buts!" The child of this parent has academic and social problems. The parent's statement demonstrates

An authoritarian style

A child's father demands that the child not speak to an adult unless spoken to, that he/she always put away one toy before taking out another, and that soft drinks be taken only on special occasions. This child's father can be described as

Authoritarian

According to Erickson, a toddler who is given opportunities to explore and manipulate things in their environment and who is encouraged to investigate with gain a sense of

Autonomy

In the strange situation method, a child who keeps playing with blocks and doesn't make eye contact with their mother when she returns, is demonstrating an

Avoidant attachment

According to Erickson, when an individual reaches the late adult years with many past regrets and fear that time is running out they are likely to experience

Despair

According to Erickson, the major challenge of adolescence is the creation of

Ego identity

Erickson's late adulthood stage is referred to as

Ego integrity vs despair

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Erickson's middle adult challenge is

Generativity vs stagnation

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

___-frequency sound waves are perceived as high pitched sounds, while ___- frequency sound waves are perceived as low pitched sounds

High;low

___ amplitudes are associates with ___ sounds

Higher;louder

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Erickson proposed that people resolve the issue of ___ as young adults

Intimacy versus isolation

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ___

Negative reinforcement

According to Erickson, the infant-parent relationship can affect issues associated with ___ during the first year of life.

Trust

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Permissive parents are poor at communicating but

are warm and supportive.

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

A third grader who decides not to cheat on a test because if caught their parents would be displeased, is operating at the ____ level of Kohlberg's theory.

conventional

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ___.

modified the way witnesses are questioned

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

___ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ___ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception, sensation

When Martin Luther King Jr. used passive resistance and violated laws that enforced segregation and discrimination, he demonstrated

post conventional reasoning

An adult who chooses not to park in a handicap space because they want to avoid a ticket and fine, is operating at the ____ level of Kohlberg's theory.

preconventional

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Babs saw Martin recurve a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on- a raisin-jalapeño quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapeños, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

Bottom-up

When you arrange two rows of five pennies each and place them half an inch apart in the first row while separating the other row of five pennies by three inches, the preoperational child will say that the second row has more pennies. However, the concrete operational child has the capacity to ___ numbers and will not make this same error.

Conserve

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde and anterograde

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic