PSYCH chp 10/13

hich two researchers laid the groundwork for today's scientific positive psychology?

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

The collective unconscious is to Carl Jung as the inferiority complex is to _____.

Alfred Adler

Brandon looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. He immediately feels his heart start to pound and he simultaneously experiences fear. Which of the following theories BEST explains this emotional response?

Cannon-Bard theory

The fact that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators supports __________'s idea that in prehistoric times, before language, our ancestors communicated threats, greetings, and submission with facial expressions.

Charles Darwin

Some researchers prefer the term settling point to the term set point because the typical body weight of an adult is influenced by:

Environmental and biological factors

According to Freud, the _____ contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.

Id

Which statement is TRUE of feigned smiles?

Those smiles are often switched on and off abruptly

Grit can best be described as:

a passionate dedication to a long-term goal

Juan is highly inspired to become the top player on his college chess team, so he bought a chess software program and practices the game every day. Juan's behavior and goal reflect a high level of:

achievement motivation

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective does NOT emphasize:

altruism.

A drive refers to

an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need

Tom is someone who always needs to be in control. As a young child, he had a difficult time with toilet training. In which psychosexual stage would psychoanalysts say Tom is fixated?

anal

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of:

behavioral consistency

Which part of the mind houses the ego?

both the conscious and unconscious mind

Who suggested that very similar physiological reactions are associated with a variety of different emotions?

cannon

If a culture is described as valuing harmony, interdependence, fitting in, and social responsibility, it is likely:

collectivist culture

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system _____ salivation and _____ blood pressure.

decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

Compared with men, women would probably be better at:

detecting the emotions of two people having a discussion over lunch

According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience and most of these are present during infancy. Which of the following is one of these basic emotions?

disgust

Among dieters who consciously restrain their eating, the urge to eat is likely to be unleashed by:

drinking alc

When a physiological need, such as hunger, creates an aroused motivated state, this:

drives the organism to satisfy the need.

George is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Which of the following Big Five personality factors would BEST describe his personality?

emotional stability

The humanistic perspective on personality:

emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of:

environmental influences

Gordon Allport was concerned less with _____ individuals than with _____ them.

explaining; describing

According to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, the individual variation that is apparent across people can be reduced to several dimensions, including:

extraversion-introversion

The tendency of facial muscle states triggering corresponding feelings, such as fear or happiness, is called:

facial feedback effect

Rachel is a manager at a large department store. She is popular with her staff. Many of her employees like her because she is honest, frank, and open without any facade. Carl Rogers would argue that Rachel would score high on:

genuineness

People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to:

how they interpret hand gestures, for example, the "A-OK" sign.

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:

human capacity for evil

Orexin is an appetite hormone secreted by the

hypothalamus

Marsha just received an income tax refund of $1500. Rather than using this money for some needed expenses, she decides to go out of town. She gets a hotel room with her friends, goes out to eat, spends the day at an amusement park, and finally goes to a nightclub. She seems to be dominated by the:

id

Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on a board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are BEST explained by:

identification

Stable personality differences are found:

in many types of species.

Michael feels that he has reached his full potential as a college student. He has a 4.0 grade point average, is involved in many campus activities, and has just been accepted into graduate school. According to Maslow, Michael:

is Self-Actualized

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

is empirically derived.

Judith is an extremely sarcastic person. She also comes across as tough and sometimes angry. According to Freud, she is fixated at which stage of development?

oral

Destruction of the appetite-suppressing center of the arcuate nucleus causes an animal to:

overeat

Alone in her home, Janis hears a noise in the middle of the night. Her heart begins pounding. Her emotional response to the situation at this point best represents:

physiological arousal.

Humanistic theories laid the groundwork for today's scientific subfield of _____ psychology

positive

Baumeister and colleagues found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others, a phenomenon that Freud called _____.

projection

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is MOST clearly emphasized by the _____ perspective.

psychoanalytic

Which defense mechanism offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions?

rationalization

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to

reduce tension and anxiety

Sally and her husband, Sam, begin arguing at the dinner table over differing views on how they should spend Sam's bonus check. After arguing for a few minutes, Sally storms from the table and slams the front door as she goes out for a walk. Sam snaps at the children and tells them to hurry up and finish their dinner. Sally is displaying _____; Sam is displaying _____.

regression; displacement

Although instincts are not common to humans, which of the following can be considered an innate tendency for human infants?

rooting and sucking

Humanistic theories have been criticized for encouraging attitudes of self-indulgence, _____, and lack of moral restraint.

selfishness

Carbohydrates such as pasta, chips, and sweets help boost levels of the neurotransmitter:

serotonin

This perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction of people's traits with their situations.

social cognitive

Reciprocal determinism is associated with the _____ perspective.

social-cognitive

These theories build from research on learning and thought processes.

social-cognitive

Which of the following is MOST clearly a form of ostracism?

solitary confinement

When Lydia noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

spotlight

In Eysenck and Eysenck's theory, an individual who is even-tempered and reliable is MOST likely a(n)

stable introvert

To assess the extent to which a person is faking it, ____________ include(s) a lie scale that flags socially desirable answers given to make a good impression.

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Defensive self-esteem relies on _____, while secure self-esteem relies on _____.

the perceptions of others; internal evaluations

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this:

the spotlight effect

If you grimace in fear while taking a difficult exam, this facial expression is likely to cause

you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear