Psych chp 6-
The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as:
implicit memory
The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of:
transduction.
Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize ______ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing.
90%
Which of the following is an example of a biological constraint on conditioning?
An animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning.
What happened after Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a tame white rat?
Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects
The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by:
Keller and Marian Breland.
Which statement correctly classifies one of the types of learning mentioned in the textbook?
Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning
Which statement BEST describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift?
The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors.
Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Danielle got extremely nauseous. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. How can this best be explained?
The nausea from the fast food is an unconditioned response (UR).
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.
antisocial, prosocial
In classical conditioning, acquisition of a new behavior involves _____, whereas in operant conditioning, acquisition of a new behavior involves _____.
associating events; associating a response with a consequence
Some pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, but soon the pigs were more often dropping the coins and pushing them with their snouts. This best illustrates the concept of ________ in operant conditioning.
biological predispositions
The area at which the optic nerve leaves the eye has no receptor cells. This area is called the:
blind spot
Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number.
chunking
A learned association between two stimuli is central to:
classical conditioning
An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of:
classical conditioning
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:
classical conditioning
While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing her to flinch and blink quickly. Later, during the party, Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
The textbook states that "by watching models, we experience vicarious reinforcement . . . and learn to anticipate a behavior's consequences in situations like those we are observing." The term vicarious links observational learning MOST directly to:
cognitive learning.
A dollar bill is to a delicious meal as:
conditioned reinforcer, primary reinforcer
In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus(US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?
conditioned response (CR)
Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):
conditioned stimulus
As she was trying to study, Tanisha asked her roommate to lower the radio. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Tanisha to detect. Tanisha's roommate turned the radio back down to 14 after Tanisha asked her to lower it, which satisfied Tanisha. This is probably the result of:
difference threshold
Sensory adaptation can be defined as:
diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation.
Zack met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He then asked her, "Have I met you before?" She replied no and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:
déjà vu.
From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.
echoic
Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily declare is known as:
explicit memory
The memory of facts and experiences that people consciously know and can easily recite is known as:
explicit memory
Pavlov's dog stopped salivating to the tone when the food was no longer paired with the tone. This is an example of:
extinction
What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous Little Albert study?
fear of the white rat
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.
fixed-interval
Janine, who completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan, suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects:
generalization
Minnie, your 8-year-old cat, ran away. She got in a neighbor's cellar and was stuck there for two months while your neighbor was on vacation. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive, but it was pitch black down there. When your neighbor returned, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will the sensory deprivation affect her vision?
her vision will be unaffected
All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT the fact that
his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments
Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of:
instinctive drift.
If a parent wants to increase the amount of enjoyment and time a child reads books as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ for reading.
intrinsic motivation
Ty's mother is frustrated that he will not spend the time on his schoolwork that he does practicing and playing baseball. Ty will spend hours practicing in the hot sun every summer day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by:
intrinsic motivation.
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which psychologist made this statement?
john watson
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:
learning
______________ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.
mnemonic
Joey watches his older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother served as a _____ for Joey.
model
Whenever Wanda experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Wanda's experience best illustrates:
mood-congruent memory
When Amber's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room, Amber gave her a 5-minute time-out. This is an example of:
negative punishment
_______________________ involves an unpleasant stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning.
observational
Pauline is learning how to play badminton. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving the birdie while Pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of _____ learning.
observational
_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
operant
Four years ago, Acme Tool and Die included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers started receiving quarterly bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at the company has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of:
operant conditioning
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Stan has volunteered to participate in an experiment studying vision in which he will wear a pair of glasses that invert his vision. Because of _____________, after about a week, he is even able to perform his usual activities like riding a bike or reading a book.
perceptual adaptation
Once Isaiah learned of abuse in Sara's past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective than as rude. This best illustrates the impact of:
perceptual set
Both _____ and _____ indicate how experiences help humans to construct perception.
perceptual set; context
A _____ suggestion is one made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; it is used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
posthypnotic
During a Spanish language exam, Kim easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning, but she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates:
proactive interference
Cori studied French in high school but has not heard or spoken French in years. Her friend introduces her to someone from France. He begins speaking French and Cori cannot understand a word. A week later after studying, she understands and can respond correctly. Cori was able to improve so rapidly due to:
relearning
Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior
respondent
Seventeen-year-old Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year. Ricky absolutely loves driving any car. His love of driving gave him the idea of getting a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After Ricky has the job for 6 months, one can predict that:
rickys love of driving would decrease
Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This BEST illustrates the advantage of:
semantic encoding.
Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____.
sensation, perception
In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order?
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Samantha taught her 4-year-old cousin how to do jumping jacks. First, she rewarded him for jumping up and down on the spot. Then, she rewarded him for jumping up and down while alternating wide-leg landings with narrow-leg landings. Finally, she rewarded him for doing this kind of jumping while also raising his arms from his sides in time to each of his wide-legged jumps. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of:
shaping
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Your friend Margo became very ill a few hours after eating the college cafeteria's fried chicken special. Now she feels queasy whenever she smells fried chicken. Based on what you learned from the text, you explain to her that:
she has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness.
In a movie the main character has to write everything on his body and take notes, otherwise he quickly forgets. This is because he has sustained an injury that has left him without _____ memory.
short term
Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of children with asthma respond to very small changes in their children's breathing, and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by the:
signal detection theory.
All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT the fact that:
significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively.
The eminent psychologist _____ became known for shaping rat and pigeon behaviors by delivering rewards as the animals more closely approximated a desired behavior.
skinner
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abductions, Stan began to explain to his friends about space travel. However, he could not remember where he learned the information when asked. This illustrates:
source amnesia
What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state. This is referred to as:
state dependent memory
Any event or situation that evokes a response is a(n):
stimulus
A long time ago, Lorie was stuck in an elevator for over three hours. Although generally not claustrophobic, she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her after two hours. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?
stress hormones increase glucose activity , which then fuels brain activity.
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
taste rather than sight or sound
primary effect
tendency to recall the first terms of list
recency effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:
that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.
Edward L. Thorndike's research with cats demonstrated that behavior changes because of its consequences. Favorable consequences lead to the behavior being repeated, while unfavorable consequences make the behavior less likely. Thorndike referred to this as:
the law of effect
encode
the phrase used to describe the method of preparing data for storage or transmission.
long-term memory
the relatively permanent storage of information
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrive
to find and bring back
Malik glances at his doctor's scrawl on a handwritten prescription. He draws on his knowledge of common medications to distinguish among a's, o's, and u's. Malik's experience BEST illustrates:
top-down processing.
Janice opens her eyes in the morning to see a photograph by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:
transduction.
Tim finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will surely be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.
variable ratio
