Psych Exam 2

During Ivan Pavlov's research in learning with dogs, the dogs learned to salivate at the sound of metal food trays because Pavlov repeatedly paired the food tray with the arrival of food); thus Pavlov inadvertently found that reflexes can be learned through

Association

This perspective or school of psychology (from Ch 1) believes that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing the particular behavior; classical and operant conditioning theories fall under this perspective; this perspective is called

Behaviorist

When a young child sees a cow and calls it "doggie," this is an example of

Stimulus generilization

Detective Rawlings asked Harry, a witness to a mugging, to mentally reconstruct the details of the incident before showing him the suspects in the line-up. Rawlings places Harry himself at the scene of the crime; what principle was Rawlings using to facilitate accurate identification?

context-dependent memory

Your front doorbell has a higher pitch than your back doorbell. When one rings, you always know which door to answer. This is an example of

discrimination

Another term for "photographic memory" is

eidetic memory

Using the phrase "Elvis' Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical Treble Clef is an example of

elaborative rehearsal

n Ebbinghaus's classic curve of forgetting, the greatest memory loss occurs

most rapidly just after the material is initially learned

Bill was in an automobile accident. The events just prior to the accident are still a blur. Similarly the surviving bodyguard in Princess Diana's car was unable to recall events immediately prior to the car crash. Princess Diana's bodyguard and Bill demonstrate ___________ amnesia.

retrograde

Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. This represents the cognitive process where information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than information in the middle of the list. This cognitive process is called

serial-position effect

A kind of classical conditioning that motivates organisms to avoid certain stimuli (such as certain foods); and psychologists state that this kind of conditioning actually helps organisms survive, and are more likely to contribute these genes to future generations. This is called

taste aversion

According to George Miller, the "Magic Number Seven plus or minus two" refers to

the number of pieces of information the average person can easily recall after a single exposure.

Evan met Lesley at a party last week. He sees her again a few weeks after their first meeting. He knows that he knows her name but just can't retrieve the information (how often does this happen to you?!). This experience is referred to as

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Which of the following statements are included in the research on the "consensus on the effects of violence in the media"?

All of the above

Johnny is tormented in the schoolyard every day by a bully with bright red frizzy hair. One day, Johnny's father brought his boss, Mr. Dale, home. The boss had bright red frizzy hair, and Johnny ran to his room crying. Mr. Dale's hair functioned as a __________, and Johnny's fear was a __________.

CS:CR

This kind of conditioning involves how we learn to associate events with other events: such as, a student's preference for a grade of "A" rather than an "F" (or that we stop at red lights) is the result of

Classical Conditioning

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend. Abe and Rose have different __________ memories of the event.

Episodic

The vivid, detailed recollection of what you were doing when you learned about an emotionally arousing event, like the attacks of September 11, 2001, is called

Flashbulb memory

Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket, she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's __________ memory made this possible.

Implicit

Susan, Judd, and Melanie work at a music store in the mall. Susan always walks through the cafe area to get to the music store but seldom eats there. Melanie walks though the cafe area and often has lunch there. Judd does not walk through the cafe area but frequently eats lunch there and pays special attention to his diet. Who is most likely to remember what restaurants are in the cafe area?

Judd

A conditioned response—such as the dog's salivation in Pavlov's experiment—is a(n)

Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

This kind of learning where organisms learn to do things because of the consequences of their behavior. For example, students study hard to continue to earn good grades because of the positive reinforcement they have received from teachers/parents; or where children learn to conform to social rules to earn the attention and approval of others. This is called

Operant conditioning

The type of memory one would use to remember the seven wonders of the ancient world is

Semantic memory

The most thrilling part of a rollercoaster ride is the speed of the rapid descent. Yet your excitement begins to build as you wait in line and gradually increases as you board the train, strap yourself in, and begin the slow incline. These increments in level of excitement during this whole process is an example of

higher-order conditioning

This is a kind of learning used to teach complex behaviors by reinforcing progressive steps toward the goal. For example, when teaching someone to drive you give him positive appraisal (even if he did speed through that unmarked intersection!), but then as time goes on you expect improved driving performance before giving him appraisal. This kind of learning is called

shaping