psych exam 2

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cognitive

What hormone (involved in the timing of sleep) does the pineal gland release?

Melatonin

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

NREM stage 2

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.

left; right

Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? a. maintaining healthy weight b. lower stress levels c. less exposure to carcinogens d. improving mood

less exposure to carcinogens

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

adaptive/evolutionary

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Which of the following is NOT true of punishment? Punishment may cause increased aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency b. Punishment has no adverse effects or problems c. Punishment may teach fear and avoidance of the punisher d. Punishment may teach someone what NOT to do, but does not necessarily encourage a more adaptive/desired behavior

c. Punishment may teach fear and avoidance of the punisher

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

In operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior?

positive punishment

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

When a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate?

closure

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

Morphine is considered a/an ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent ________. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, but NOT when the book drops.

stimulus discrimination

__________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

stimulus generalization

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a/an ________.

conditioned stimulus

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep

Alpha

Which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?

variable ratio

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

"The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the _________ is different from the sum of its __________."

whole; parts

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeño quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapeños, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

A theta wave is a type of ________.

brain wave that dominates Stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-Complexes

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener b. When a dog refuses to roll over c. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl d. when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

d. when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? a. tasting white chocolate fudge b. feeling the warmth of the sun c. hearing an airplane fly overhead d. smelling cookies in the oven

smelling cookies in the oven

Tayla smokes cannabis. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response