Psych exam 3

In the United States, about ____ percent of children saw a dentist for preventive care in 2013.

75

Childhood rates of obesity are generally measured in terms of _____.

BMI

_____ coined the term adolescent egocentrism.

David Elkin

The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents' _____.

belief that everyone is watching their behavior and appearance

James is currently going through puberty. This means that his thoughts likely center on _____.

himself

Children are considered overweight when they have BMIs above the _____ percentile.

85th

Childhood obesity is usually defined as a BMI above the _____ percentile.

95th

Children between the ages of 6 and 11 are within the developmental stage referred to as "adolescence."

False

Many developmentalists now believe there is actually a fifth stage of cognitive development called "transcendent thought."

False

Professor Thomas adheres to the stage approach of cognitive development. He is likely to analyze intelligence via IQ tests and other measures.

False

The psychometric approach to studying cognitive development analyzes uses _____.

Intelligence tests

In _____, a child's participation in physical activity follows that of the parent of the same sex.

Portugal

Almost 20 percent of U.S. 6- to 11-year-olds were obese in 2016.

True

Compared to infant or adolescent growth, school-age children grow slowly and steadily.

True

Listening to others and considering diverse opinions are signs of cognitive flexibility.

True

Preschool children who watch TV and drink soda are more likely to be obese.

True

The characteristics of postformal thought (practical, flexible, dialectical) are evident as the brain matures.

True

Which of the following illustrates expectations about an emerging adult's ability to engage in postformal thinking?

Vanessa is preparing a creative work as part of her class assignment in her psychology course.

The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in _____.

a young military recruit who hopes to be sent into combat

When compared with earlier cognition, thinking in adulthood is all the following EXCEPT more _____.

concrete

Physical activity within schools has _____ over the years.

decreased

Adam believes that he is more unique and admired than other teens his age and is certain that everyone is paying attention to his every action. It appears that he has started to experience adolescent _____.

egocentrism

Josie, who is 15 years old, is attending her first soccer team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues given to her by her new teammates. Her sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____.

egocentrism

Thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think about them is called "_____."

egocentrism

In a longitudinal study of 18-year-old students at the beginning and end of their first year in college, researchers found increases in the brain areas that integrate _____ and _____.

emotion; cognition

"This creature barks and wags its tail. Dogs bark and wag their tails. Therefore, this must be a dog." This is an example of deductive reasoning.

false

A dual-process model of thinking includes inductive and deductive thinking.

false

A hallmark of postformal cognition is intellectual flexibility, a characteristic far more typical of middle-aged adults than of younger people.

false

Acute self-consciousness about physical appearance is much more prevalent between the ages of 16 and 20 than earlier or later.

false

Adolescents' belief that others are as intensely interested in them as they are in themselves is referred to as "the invincibility fable."

false

Children are more likely than adults to imagine several solutions for every problem and then to take care in selecting the best one.

false

Hypothetical thought involves reasoning only about propositions that reflect reality.

false

In the United States, the percentage of children with asthma has been stable for about the last two decades.

false

The high rate of childhood obesity in the United States is primarily due to heredity.

false

Cognitively, what is needed to counter stereotypes?

flexibility

When comparing the growth of children from ages 6 to 11 to infants or adolescents, one notices that children _____.

grow slow and steady

Dr. Marquette is a researcher who studies neurological encoding, storage, and retrieval. Which approach to cognitive development does she take?

information processing

The approach to studying cognitive development that explores how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information is the "_____ approach."

information processing

Children between the ages of 6 and 11 are within the developmental stage referred to as "_____."

middle childhood

During _____ children gain about 2 inches and 5 pounds a year.

middle childhood

The death rate for those in _____ is the lowest of any age group.

middle childhood

After Brenda finished college, began working in her chosen field, and started a family, her thinking became _____.

more practical

Hannah's BMI is in the 79th percentile, which is associated with being _____.

normal weight

Physical activity can benefit children in all of the following ways EXCEPT by improving _____.

oral health practices

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____.

personal fable

A possible fifth stage of cognitive development that characterizes adult thinking is "_____ thought."

postformal

Ron grew up in a family that took pride in white nationalism and tended to espouse racist views against minority groups in the United States. Now that he is in college, he has concluded that many of the stereotypes he was taught are incorrect. This demonstrates _____ thinking.

postformal

As more is understood about brain development after adolescence, it seems that the characteristics of postformal thought are evident as the brain—in particular, the _____— matures.

prefrontal cortex

The _____ approach analyzes intelligence longitudinally via various tests.

psychometric

The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are _____.

related to their health in adolescence and adulthood

During puberty, young people center on themselves, in part because brain maturation heightens _____.

self-consciousness

Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this pimple on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating _____.

the imaginary audience

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating _____.

the invincibility fable

The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as "_____."

the invincibility fable

According to Jean Piaget and his colleagues, it is around age 10 that children are first able to use the trial-and-error method to achieve some understanding of balance.

true

According to a dialectical thinker, a romance becomes troubled because relationship partners have changed without adapting to each other.

true

Amanda is in emerging adulthood and believes that intelligence is plastic, not inborn. She would likely be able to overcome stereotype threat.

true

As adolescents develop their capacity for hypothetical thinking, they become more capable of deductive reasoning.

true

Asthma is associated with environmental conditions.

true

Benjamin is 15 years old and constantly thinks about himself and how others perceive him. This egocentrism is common at his age.

true

Children are overweight if their body mass index (BMI) is above the 85th percentile on the growth chart.

true

Dialectical thinking involves the constant integration of beliefs and experiences with all the contradictions and inconsistencies of daily life.

true

Egocentrism is related to rumination.

true

Egocentrism leads adolescents to interpret everyone else's behavior as if it were a judgment on them.

true

Intuitive thought is less cognitively taxing than analytic thought.

true

Obesity is more common among children who were not breast-fed.

true

Piaget thought conflict between new and old schemas caused disequilibrium that led to new thinking.

true

Postformal thought is more practical as well as more creative and imaginative than earlier stages of thinking.

true

Reaction time is the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

true

The belief in an imaginary audience makes adolescents self-conscious.

true

The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are related to their health in adolescence and adulthood.

true

The hygiene hypothesis states that modern children are overprotected from viruses and bacteria, which does not allow their immune systems to strengthen.

true

The invincibility fable reflects adolescent egocentrism.

true

The possibility of being negatively stereotyped arouses emotions that could disrupt cognition or emotional regulation.

true

Without being able to combine intellect and emotion, individuals may experience behavioral extremes (e.g., obesity, addiction) and cognitive extremes (e.g., believing that one is the best person on Earth).

true