psych exam 3 chp 9

Bad feelings can come from being socially excluded. When this happens, people are more likely to ________.

B) not feel much empathy for others

Belief in a just world involves ________.

B) perceptions that the world is fair and predictable, and that good behavior is rewarded while bad behavior is punished

Jenny was deeply touched by a television appeal to help the homeless, starving children in Africa whose parents had died of AIDS. She feels overwhelmed by the size of the problem, however, and doesn't believe that she can help all who need assistance. She has agreed to "adopt" one single orphan whose picture she saw. This illustrates ________.

B) selective altruism

usan believes that each individual is responsible for trying to help anyone who needs assistance. This attitude is associated with ________.

B) social responsibility

A bystander can offer effective direct help only if ________.

B) the bystander has the knowledge and or skills to act in a helpful way

The recipients of help may be motivated to help themselves if ________.

B) the helper and the recipient are similar

Kin selection refers to ________.

B) the idea that natural selection applies to behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes

Moral integrity is ________.

B) the motivation to be moral and to actually engage in moral behavior

Egoism is ________.

A) an exclusive concern with one's own personal needs and welfare rather than with the needs and welfare of others

Selective altruism occurs when we ________.

A) choose to help only one individual from a large group of individuals in need

An altruistic personality includes five major components, including ________.

A) empathy, belief in a just world, acceptance of social responsibility, having an internal locus of control, and not being egocentric

Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a child find its mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because

A) helping a person often relieves a negative mood.

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should ________.

A) increase her likelihood of receiving help

When there are many bystanders during an emergency, the probability of receiving help is reduced. This is because of ________.

A) the diffusion of responsibility that occurs

After a young man helped the author negotiate the Paris Metro, an act of kindness that may have earned the helper a negative response from other Parisians (who may not like Americans), the momentary guide left after receiving nothing more than a handshake from the author. This is best explained by ________.

A) the empathy-altruism hypothesis

The inhibiting effect of multiple bystanders to an emergency is lessened if ________.

A) the group of bystanders are friends

One component of empathy involves perspective taking. One type of perspective taking involves ________.

B) imagining how another person perceives an event and feels about it as a result

Allen is running late for his social psychology class. He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day. He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground, clutching his chest and gasping for breath. Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time. This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to ________.

B) Allen's not paying attention to the situation

Generativity is ________.

B) an adult's concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations

Lisa believes she can help the world and that if she does, she will eventually be rewarded. Lisa is showing characteristics of ________.

B) an altruistic personality

Joyce believes that she can choose to act in ways that maximize positive outcomes and minimize negative ones. Penny believes that her behaviors do not usually influence the outcomes of various situations to any great extent, but that most things are determined by luck or things that are beyond her control. Joyce has ________ and Penny has ________.

B) an internal locus of control; an external locus of control

Jeremy tends to look for the potential costs and benefits for him in almost every situation. He prefers to take those actions that provide a direct benefit to himself, without considering the impact his behaviors may have on others, and he enjoys competing with others. Jeremy could be described as ________.

B) egocentric

Robert never donates to charities, nor does he ever give anything to panhandlers. When asked about this behavior, Robert says "Charity begins at home. Besides, I work hard for my money. Besides, I can put the money to better use buying something for myself." This reflects his ________.

B) egoism

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the ________.

B) empathy-altruism hypothesis

Hal has spent much of his life raising his children to the best of his abilities and providing for their needs and wants. Now that he is approaching retirement age, Hal finds that he is becoming increasingly concerned with the kind of world and environment that will be left for future generations. This reflects Hal's ________.

B) generativity

Volunteers who continue their volunteer work for more than two years tend to be motivated by ________.

B) the need to gain understanding and enhance their own self-esteem

Colleen works for a social services agency as a volunteer services coordinator. In this capacity, she is attempting to recruit new volunteers. She is searching particularly for volunteers who are motivated to enhance their self-esteem and to take part in their own personal development. This is because ________.

B) these volunteers are known to serve as volunteers for longer periods of time

Recent research on volunteerism has shown that ________.

B) volunteers who feel more satisfaction tend to volunteer more hours per week, but satisfaction is unrelated to continued volunteerism

The empathic joy hypothesis suggests ________.

B) we help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors

Donna is a very egocentric person who has a tendency to manipulate others. As such, she appears to show ________.

C) Machiavellianism

Which statement BEST describes the decision making model of helping behavior developed by Latane and Darley?

C) The person confronted by an emergency situation must make five crucial decisions before helping.

Jenny, a five year old, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after watching ________.

C) a TV show with prosocial content

A common factor that increases the likelihood of helping behavior irrespective of the bystander's emotional state is ________.

C) an unambiguous need for help

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are ________.

C) controllable

As the number of bystanders who are present at an emergency increases, the probability that any one bystander will help ________, and the length of time that passes before help occurs ________.

C) decreases; increases

Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action, means that Wayne will probably ________.

C) do nothing

Research suggests that cognitive empathy, involving perspective taking, is due to ________.

C) environmental factors, such as early childhood experiences

Empathy develops ________.

C) from a combination of biological and environmental factors

When asked to donate a substantial amount of money to either a new homeless shelter being built in her town or an expansion for the local animal shelter, Sue's first impulse is to ask what she will receive in return. This represents her concern for ________.

C) her self-interest

The consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol ________ the probability that people will try to help in an emergency because ________.

C) increases; alcohol reduces anxiety about the reactions of others

If a bystander is in a particularly good mood for some reason, that bystander is ________ to offer help in an ambiguous situation because the bystander may ________.

C) less likely; interpret the situation as a nonemergency

Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's right eye is badly bruised. When Jeanette tells her that her boyfriend hit her, Ellen offers to provide help. This example BEST illustrates that ________.

C) people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger

Bystanders frequently fail to respond to an emergency because no one else is responding. We tend to rely on what others say and do when we are not sure of the nature of the situation or of what behaviors to engage in. This is known as ________.

C) pluralistic ignorance

A basic ________ with kin selection theory is that we ________ help people ________ to.

C) problem; do; we are not related

Angela tells her friends that the reason she volunteers is that is "makes me feel better about myself." For Angela, volunteering serves a(n) ________ function.

C) self-enhancement

In a Batson experiment that illustrates one aspect of the empathy-altruism hypothesis, participants watched a "fellow student" receiving an (fake) electric shock. When the "student" complained, and said she had had a bad experience with electricity as a child, the participant was asked if the participant wanted to help by trading places with her. Participants were more willing to trade places if the student was ________.

C) similar to themselves

Oliver is experiencing a major financial crisis and is in need of help. Given this information, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

D) Oliver is more likely to work hard to avoid such problems in the future if he gets assistance from his family rather than from governmental aid.

In Hardy and Van Vugt's experiment, participants made "contributions" to a "group fund." All contributions were either made known to all participants or not made known. Which of the following best states the results?

D) The size of contributions made a difference in participant status in the known condition, but not in the not-known condition.

Justin believes that good behavior is usually rewarded and bad behavior is generally punished. He also believes that helping others is the right thing to do. Justin displays ________.

D) a belief in a just world

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man ________.

D) acted as a role model

Before offering help, a bystander must decide that she or he has a responsibility to provide help. This is UNLIKELY to occur if ________.

D) an authority figure, or emergency personnel, is present

People who imagine how another person both perceives an event and how that person must feel as a result tend to ________.

D) be motivated to perform altruistic behaviors

Research has indicated that individuals are more likely to help a ________ victim as compared to a ________ victim.

D) dissimilar; similar

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the

D) empathic joy hypothesis.

Empathic responses to the needs of others are more common in children who ________

D) have a secure attachment style

New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress-even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to ________.

D) his feelings of empathy

During the Nazi Holocaust, it was more likely for (non-Jewish German) ________ to help rescue Jews. This fact is ________ with contemporary gender differences of empathy.

D) men; consistent

Actions that benefit others without providing any direct benefit to the actor are known as ________.

D) prosocial behavior

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of ________.

D) prosocial behavior

Aspects of personality that tend to influence prosocial behavior are ________.

D) relatively stable characteristic behavioral tendencies

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

D) taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

After seeing a motion picture where the lead character is tragically killed, Sharon feels a deep amount of sorrow for him. This is an example of ________.

D) the fantasy perspective

Receiving help can cause a negative emotional response if ________.

D) the helper and recipient are similar

Sam's younger brother has just given him $400.00 to pay for repairs to his (Sam's) car. Sam is very unhappy about accepting the money from his brother and intends to repay the money with interest over the next few months. Sam is now also planning to switch to a higher-paying job, even if it means working somewhere that he doesn't like as well as his current job, because he is determined to never be in a position to have to accept help from his brother again. This situation represents ________.

D) the motivating aspect of receiving help from someone else

Moral hypocrisy is ________.

D) the motivation to appear moral while attempting to avoid the costs involved in being moral

A local couple frequently makes fairly large anonymous donations to several charities in the town where they live. Although it is true that they receive some benefit on their income tax returns for their donations, they are motivated primarily by an unselfish concern for other people's welfare. This is an example of ________.

E) altruism

Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others is known as ________.

E) altruism

Popular opinion suggests that people do not help others because they ________.

E) are apathetic

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that ________.

E) at least some prosocial behavior is motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a down-town street corner during the lunch hour . He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because ________.

E) he believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience

Evelyn has just graduated high school and wants to attend college in a different state. She knows her parents are hard-working and relatively poor people, who can't easily afford out-of-state tuition. Evelyn can't earn enough at her part-time job to pay the out-of-state tuition herself. She decides the only ethical thing for her to do is to change her plans and attend a local community college while saving for the college she wants to attend. This behavior reflects her ________.

E) moral integrity

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that ________.

E) people often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

Recent research into the biological basis for empathy suggests that two affective aspects are hereditary: ________ and ________.

E) personal distress; sympathetic concern

Volunteerism is likely to be maintained if the major motivational element is ________.

E) self-enhancement

Two motivation factors that are often in conflict are ________ and ________.

E) self-interest; moral integrity

A bystander may ultimately decide not to help when confronted with an emergency situation if ________.

E) the bystander fears potential negative consequences of trying to help

Negative emotions in bystanders can increase the probability of helping behaviors if the emergency is not ambiguous, ________, and ________.

E) the negative emotions are not too intense; the helping behaviors are relatively interesting and satisfying

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates ________.

E) the type of perspective taking involved with feeling empathy for - and identifying with - a fictional character

Paul, an active two-year-old, has developed a very secure attachment to his mother. In addition, his parents encourage Paul to watch TV shows such as Barney. As a result, Paul is likely to grow up ________.

E) to be a kind, empathetic person

The bystander effect is ________.

) the observation that the probability of a prosocial response to an emergency is influenced by the number of bystanders present

Children who watch TV shows that depict prosocial themes are ________.

B) more likely to help in other situations

Suppose Roger, a religious fundamentalist, is told that three individuals - a homosexual, an unwed mother, and a college student - are in need of aid due to employment problems. Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to ________.

B) the college student

In general, people doing volunteer work tend to help AIDS victims ________.

E) with a greater degree of willingness if the victim contracted the disease as a result of a blood transfusion

Sarah was always a very gentle child who displayed a great deal of empathy for others. Her parents, as a major influence in her life, were a positive influence on her. As she enters the teen years, ________.

A) the negative influence of her peers may replace positive parental influence

Self-interest is ________.

C) the motivation to engage in whatever behavior provides the greatest satisfaction for oneself

Egocentric people tend ________.

C) to be self-absorbed and competitive

The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as ________.

D) the negative-state relief model

The first step involved in deciding whether or not to offer assistance in an emergency is ________.

E) to notice that something unusual is happening

Ruth volunteers at a homeless shelter two days a month. She finds that she looks forward to her volunteer days because she feels good when helping others. Her mood is elevated before she reaches the shelter and for a few days afterwards. This situation best represents the ________.

D) empathic joy hypothesis

Based on Burnstein's research, if a person were confronted with rescuing a person or animal in a burning building, s/he would more likely rescue a ________ than a ________.

D) young female close relative; middle-age female close relative