Psych Exam 3 Prep
Dale owns a pasta making business. During his first year owning the business, Dale saw antagonism start to develop between the people who ran the pasta making machines and the people who worked in sales. The sales people would refer to the pasta makers as "uneducated" and "backwards." The pasta makers would refer to the sales people as "spoiled" and "unable to do any real hard work." To combat this, Dale decided to hold a company picnic where everyone played games together. Critically, all the games required pasta makers and salespeople to work together in order to succeed. For example, they had a three-legged race where all the pairs included one pasta maker and one salesperson. Dale was attempting to use what strategy to reduce inter-group conflict? evaluative conditioning framing effects cognitive dissonance fundamental attribution equal status contact
equal status contact
Professor Gordon is conducting an experiment examining how males and females perform on a spatially demanding video game. Which statement might Professor Gordon make before every session of the experiment that would activate stereo-type threat in the female participants and that would in turn cause the females to perform disproportionately poorly? "It is well-known that females are generally better than males at such games." "There are no known differences by sex or gender at this game." "It will be interesting to see if the results of this game match the well-known fact that females have poorer spatial skills than males."
"It will be interesting to see if the results of this game match the well-known fact that females have poorer spatial skills than males."
Jenna is a member of an 8-person jury. Jenna is very impressed with the other jury members, who are all members of respected professions (e.g., doctors, engineers, scientists, etc.). Jenna listens carefully to all the evidence presented and feels like the evidence showed that the defendant was guilty without any doubt. The head juror then asks each jury member to indicate in turn whether they believe they should render a verdict of 'guilty' or 'not guilty.' To Jenna's surprise, each of the 7 other individuals indicate that they should find the defendant 'not guilty.' Thus, when it's Jenna's turn to speak, she too says 'not guilty.' All of the following changes to the scenario above would reduce the probability that Jenna conformed EXCEPT: - if the other jurors were not from respected professions - if all the jurors first wrote their verdict down on a piece of paper and then they read them aloud one by one - if the case involved a great deal of scientific evidence and Jenna was not at all confident about her knowledge of science - if one other juror said 'not guilty' in front of Jenna - if all the jurors wrote their verdict down and put it in a box to be read after everyone made a response (so the verdicts would be anonymous)
- if the case involved a great deal of scientific evidence and Jenna was not at all confident about her knowledge of science
Nadia is a University of Wisconsin-Madison undergraduate. She holds the stereotypical view that individuals who go to the local community college are "all stupid." When she is asked to estimate the range of intelligence scores at UW-Madison her estimate ranges from 105-155 (remember an IQ score of 100 is "average"). Which of the following is most likely to be her estimate for the local community college? 115-165 105-155 80-95 80-130
80-95
Nadia is a University of Wisconsin-Madison undergraduate. She holds the stereotypical view that individuals who go to the local community college are "all stupid." When she is asked to estimate the range of intelligence scores at UW-Madison her estimate ranges from 105-155 (remember an IQ score of 100 is "average"). Which of the following is most likely to be her estimate for the local community college? 80-95 105-155 115-165 80-130
80-95
Bill has always believed that all animal research is wrong, even if it results in cures for diseases that kill humans/animals. In college he joins a group that focuses on eliminating animal research. Bill's beliefs about animal research are likely to: B) become less against animal research A) become more against animal research C) not change
A) become more against animal research
Three individuals all undergo different versions of Asch's classic conformity study. Person A: in a group with 3 others (confederates), all 3 confederates give the wrong answer Person B: in a group with 3 others (confederates), 2 of the 3 confederates give the wrong answer, one gives the right answer Person C: in a group with 1 other (confederate), the 1 confederate gives the wrong answer Which person is MOST likely to conform? B. Person B A. Person A C. Person C
A. Person A
Which of the following is true of background distraction (such as background TV)? A. background distraction is most disruptive when it is present during memory encoding B. background distraction is most disruptive when it is present during memory retrieval E. background distraction is not disruptive if you have a functioning hippocampus C. background distraction equally disrupts encoding and retrieval D. background distraction disrupts some memory processes, but not memory or retrieval
A. background distraction is most disruptive when it is present during memory encoding
Most students ___________ how much alcohol other students drink. Because of the human tendency to conform to group norms, this false belief causes students to drink _______ than they otherwise would. B. overestimate; less D. underestimate; less C. underestimate; more A. overestimate; more
A. overestimate; more
Julie has designed a new helmet for bicyclists from the Netherlands. She holds the stereotypical belief that everyone from the Netherlands has an abnormally large head. What error might she make in producing her helmet? C. she will produce helmets that are generally too small and will not produce helmets of enough sizes to fit all individuals from the Netherlands A. she will produce helmets that are generally too large and will not produce helmets of enough sizes to fit all individuals from the Netherlands D. she will produce helmets that are generally too small and will produce helmets of more sizes than are necessary to fit all individuals from the Netherlands B. she will produce helmets that are generally too large and will produce helmets of more sizes than are necessary to fit all individuals from the Netherlands
A. she will produce helmets that are generally too large and will not produce helmets of enough sizes to fit all individuals from the Netherlands
Vince, Jason, and Andrew are all participants in different versions of Milgram's classic obedience experiment. Vince is sitting right next to the "learner" and has to physically move the learner's hand onto a shock plate when the learner gets the answer wrong. Jason is the same room as the learner and can see the learner's face, but pushes a button to shock the learner. Andrew is in a completely different room from the learner and also pushes a button to shock the learner. Which is the correct order from MOST to LEAST likely to obey the experimenter's command to shock the learner? Vince, Andrew, Jason Andrew, Jason, Vince Vince, Jason, Andrew Andrew, Vince, Jason Jason, Andrew, Vince
Andrew, Jason, Vince
Jenny is a high school teacher. She is interested in examining how the personality of her students is related to their scores on her exams. Which personality measure that Jenny could use would be the LEAST reliable measure of personality? C) MMPI-2 A) NEO-PI B) Rorschach Inkblot D) Myers-Briggs
B) Rorschach Inkblot
Carl lives in Madison, Wisconsin and is the only witness to a mugging. Carl doesn't get a good look at the attacker, but knows the attacker was wearing a red sweatshirt and he thought he saw the white letter N on the sweatshirt as well. The police officer takes the statement and then goes back to his office where he notes that the official colors of both the University of Wisconsin-Madison and North Carolina State University are red and white. If the officer focuses heavily on the fact that Carl thought he saw the letter "N" (which would be consistent with North Carolina State University) and ignores the fact that University of Wisconsin sweatshirts are MUCH more common in Madison than North Carolina State University sweatshirts, this may be an example of what decision-making issue: Cognitive dissonance Misattribution Spatial discounting The endowment effect Base-rate neglect
Base-rate neglect
Bill, Tyler, and Ann are all part of a "stock picking" game in their high school economics class. Bill and Tyler aren't taking the game seriously and so they pick their stocks by randomly throwing darts at a piece of paper. Just by chance, Bill's stocks perform incredibly well, while Tyler's stocks perform incredibly poorly. When the next semester starts, the professor informs the class that they will be picking stocks in pairs, rather than alone. Who is Ann more likely to want as a partner? Bill and Tyler should be equally likely since they both picked stocks in the previous semester in exactly the same way Bill Tyler
Bill
Jenna is an expert bowler - her average score is 225, while Bob has only been bowling three times in his life - his average score is 70. If Jenna and Bob competed in a bowling tournament with many spectators, what would be their predicted scores based upon the social facilitation effect? C) Jenna: above 225; Bob: below 70 A) Jenna: below 225; Bob: below 70 B) Jenna: above 225; Bob: above 70 D) Jenna: below 225: Bob: above 70
C) Jenna: above 225; Bob: below 70
Which is NOT a physiological measure scientists interested in emotion might take? A) startle reflex C) PANAS D) facial electromyography E) skin conductance B) heart-rate
C) PANAS
Devon is walking down the street when he sees a young woman being accosted by three young men. In which of the situations below will David be MOST likely to help the woman. A) When there are 50 other people walking down the street, he does not know the woman, and the three young men appear strong enough to greatly physically injure Devon D) When there are only 2 other people on the street B) When there are 50 other people on the street and he does not know the woman C) When there are only 2 other people on the street and the woman screams out "Devon, it's Diane from your apartment building. Please help!"
C) When there are only 2 other people on the street and the woman screams out "Devon, it's Diane from your apartment building. Please help!"
When research participants are shown a picture of either a black face or a white face, followed by either a picture of a gun or a tool, the participants are more likely to incorrectly categorize a tool as a gun when the preceding face was _______. However, this effect is much larger when the responses are _________. B) white; slow C) black; fast A) black; slow D) white; fast
C) black; fast
Which of the following best describes the results of Asch's conformity experiments? A. Most individuals were willing to give extremely high levels of electric shock C. Most individuals gave at least one incorrect response that matched the group response, even in cases where that response was clearly incorrect D. Only a few individuals were willing to give extremely high levels of electric shock B. Most individuals were willing to go along with the group in cases where the answer wasn't totally clear, but always answered correctly on trials where the answer was totally clear
C. Most individuals gave at least one incorrect response that matched the group response, even in cases where that response was clearly incorrect
What part of the brain is responsible for the initial processing of visual input? A. Temporal Lobe B. Hippocampus D. Parietal Lobe E. Frontal Lobe C. Occipital Lobe
C. Occipital Lobe
Without knowing any other information, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the highest ABSOLUTE level of agreeableness? Harold; male; age 45 Greg; male; age 35 Daniel; male; age 16 Debbie; female; age 6 Cindy; female; age 55
Cindy; female; age 55
Which of the following pairs of individuals will be expected to have personalities that are the LEAST strongly correlated? B) Identical twins raised apart A) Identical twins raised together C) Fraternal twins raised together D) Adopted siblings raised together
D) Adopted siblings raised together
The following terms describe Jennifer: organized, self-disciplined, calm, secure. According to the Big Five factor model of personality, Jennifer would rate HIGH for _________, and LOW for ___________. B) conscientiousness; extraversion C) neuroticism; openness to experience D) conscientiousness; neuroticism E) neuroticism; extraversion A) agreeableness; neuroticism
D) conscientiousness; neuroticism
Although most members of George W. Bush's administration were certain that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction and thus had to be disarmed, some members of the administration believed the evidence was flimsy or false. However, these members did not speak up because they felt pressured to conform to the group and to withhold criticism. This is an example of: C) social loafing A) group polarization B) social facilitation E) bystander apathy D) group think
D) group think
Although most members of George W. Bush's administration were certain that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction and thus had to be disarmed, some members of the administration believed the evidence was flimsy or false. However, these members did not speak up because they felt pressured to conform to the group and to withhold criticism. This is an example of: D) group think A) group polarization E) bystander apathy C) social loafing B) social facilitation
D) group think
As Brenda is walking to class, she sees six classmates staring up into a tree. Brenda thus also stares up into the tree. This is an example of: D) informational social influence B) systematic persuasion C) the actor-observer effect E) the representativeness heuristic A) the social exclusion principle
D) informational social influence
What is an example of a "bottom-up" source of information you use in determining how far away an object is in the world? A. texture gradient B. interposition C. shape from shading D. the angle between your eyes when you focus on the object
D. the angle between your eyes when you focus on the object
Jack and Diane are at a party. They see a ping pong table and start to play. Jack is only a beginner at ping pong and so he isn't very good. Diane on the other hand had a ping pong table growing up and is very good. Ten of their friends see Jack and Diane playing and decide to come over and watch. As soon as their friends start watching, you would expect ________________. both Jack and Diane's performance to get worse Diane's performance to get better and Jack's performance to get worse no change in how Jack and Diane play Jack's performance to get better and Diane's performance to get worse both Jack and Diane's performance to get better
Diane's performance to get better and Jack's performance to get worse
Ting is shopping in a mall when she saw a man knock over a rack of T-shirts. Ting thinks that the man must very clumsy. Ting has made a _____ attribution about the man. Stereotypical Dispositional Situational Dynamic Static
Dispositional
Yuri is a new student at Wisconsin. On her first day she goes to Union South for lunch. There she sees 50 students in line for one of the restaurants and 0 students in line for either of the other two restaurants. Yuri decides to get in the long line thinking that if 50 students would rather wait in line than visit the other restaurants, that suggests the first restaurant is far better than the other two. This is an example of : E) Informational social influence B) Social bias D) Obedience C) Anchoring A) Normative social influence
E) Informational social influence
Ray is a member of a jury. 10 of the jurors appear to think that the defendant is definitely guilty. Ray and one other juror are more doubtful, but decide to convict to maintain harmony in the group. This is an example of: A. social facilitation D. obedience B. social loafing E. groupthink C. deindividuation
E. groupthink
Neville downloads a new video game in which he is a member of a team trying to find a treasure. Neville isn't very good at the game, and there isn't much freedom to choose one's own course in the game, but Neville spends a lot of time talking and interacting with his team members and enjoys that immensely. The game is likely fulfilling Neville's basic need for: D. availability C. social loafing B. competence A. autonomy E. social relatedness
E. social relatedness
Greg is a high school football coach. His team is roughly split along racial lines. About half of his players identify as white/Caucasian and about half of his players identify as black/African American. In the first practice, Greg sees that the white players are mainly talking to other white players, while the black players are mainly talking to other black players. He knows that if in-groups and out-groups form amongst the players, this will hurt the overall team's performance. As such, he creates a series of tasks that require the whole team to work together to complete. This includes pulling a truck out of a ditch via a series of ropes. Greg is attempting to use what technique to reduce inter-group conflict? Cognitive dissonance Conformity Justification of effort Social facilitation Equal status contact
Equal status contact
Five different individuals took a personality test 5 years ago: Jenny - female - current age: 13 years old John - male - current age: 18 years old David - male - current age: 25 years old Jasmine - female - current age: 30 years old Gail - female - current age: 50 years old If all five individuals take the same personality test again today, which individual would be expected to show results that are MOST SIMILAR to their results from five years ago? Jenny John David Jasmine Gail
Gail
50 heterosexual male participants took part in an experiment where they were first asked to rate the attractiveness of 500 female faces (in photographs). They were then given an injection of epinephrine. Half of the participants were placed in Group 1 and were told to expect increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and flushing of the face. The other half were placed in Group 2 and were not told that these physiological effects would occur. After each individual received their injection, they were asked to sit in a waiting room for 10 minutes with a female confederate whose picture they had rated as being of average attractiveness (but because of the number of pictures they saw they did not recognize the specific woman). Finally, the participants were asked to rate how attractive they found the female confederate. If increases in heart rate and facial flushing often occur when an individual finds another individual attractive, what pattern of results would you expect based on the Schacter and Singer theory of emotion? -Both groups should find the female confederate less attractive after the injection than before -Both groups should find the female confederate more attractive after the injection than before -Group 1 should rate the confederate as equally attractive before and after the injection; Group 2 should rate the confederate more attractive after the injection -Group 1 should rate the confederate to be more attractive after the injection; Group 2 should rate the confederate to be equally attractive before and after the injection -Group 1 should rate the confederate to be equally attractive before and after the injection; Group 2 should rate the confederate to be less attractive after the injection
Group 1 should rate the confederate as equally attractive before and after the injection; Group 2 should rate the confederate more attractive after the injection
Children from Riverside and Oceanside high schools have stereotypical views of each other: students from Riverside view the students at Oceanside as dumb and immature and students at Oceanside view the students at Riverside as mean and rude. Which of the following would be the MOST effective method of reducing these stereotypes held by the students from these two high schools? - Have the students participate in car wash fundraisers, where students from the two schools are on opposite sides of the street and raising money for separate causes. - Have students at Oceanside clean the bathrooms at Riverside, while students at Riverside eat a meal at Oceanside. - Nothing, stereotypes cannot be reduced - Have the students at both schools play against each other in sports - Have the students from the two schools participate in community service activities together where they need to rely on each other to complete the community service.
Have the students from the two schools participate in community service activities together where they need to rely on each other to complete the community service.
Edward wakes up and does his morning exercises at exactly 6:30 AM, as he does each morning. He is planning to go to an art museum later in the day to see a new art installation, as he often likes to do. He tends to be compassionate and cares deeply that the people around him are happy. He is usually quite relaxed. Which of the following best represent how Edward would score in a Big 5 personality trait inventory? High in extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism Low in openness, high in agreeableness, low in neuroticism High in conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness Low in neuroticism, low in conscientiousness, and high in agreeableness High in conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness
High in conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness
Bill is playing blackjack at a casino. After winning six hands in a row, Bill believes that he is "on a roll" and thus bets all of his money on the next hand. Bill is showing evidence of: Risk aversion The endowment effect Hot hand fallacy Confirmation bias Gambler's fallacy
Hot hand fallacy
Valerie calls her best friend Kim on the phone. Kim tells Valerie that she's on the bus, but she'll call her right back once she gets off. Unfortunately, Kim drops her phone just as she exits the bus and it breaks. As such, she's unable to call Valerie back. If Valerie makes the fundamental attribution error, she will assume Kim didn't call her back because ____________, which is a ____________ attribution. Kim is inconsiderate; situational something must have happened to keep Kim from calling; dispositional Kim is disorganized; situational Kim is inconsiderate; dispositional something must have happened to keep Kim from calling; situational
Kim is inconsiderate; dispositional
James is a neurologist meeting his patient Fred for the first time. James takes some scans of Fred's brain and sees that there is significant damage to Fred's left frontal lobe. What symptom might James expect to see from Fred? Impaired ability to understand spoken language Impaired ability to produce spoken language The inability to learn new explicit information Total blindness An inability to attend to the left side of space
Impaired ability to produce spoken language
James is a neurologist meeting his patient Fred for the first time. James takes some scans of Fred's brain and sees that there is significant damage to Fred's left frontal lobe. What symptom might James expect to see from Fred? Impaired ability to understand spoken language Total blindness Impaired ability to produce spoken language The inability to learn new explicit information An inability to attend to the left side of space
Impaired ability to produce spoken language
im had the same job in a factory for 40 years. During these 40 years, he never once missed a day of work and he received numerous bonuses for being a hard worker. Unfortunately, the factory closed last week and Jim lost his job. Today, while waiting at a bus stop, Jim started talking with a stranger. The stranger asked what Jim did for a living and Jim replied that he did not currently have a job. If the stranger makes the fundamental attribution error, he will assume the reason that Jim is unemployed is that __________, which is a _______ attribution. Jim has run into bad luck; dispositional Jim is lazy; situational Jim's workplace closed; situational Jim is lazy; dispositional Jim has run into bad luck; situational
Jim is lazy; dispositional
Mark and Mary both studied for their Psychology exam on the exact same schedule - one hour per day for ten days. Mark did not study in a consistent location. He studied in a different location every day (e.g., his dorm room, a coffee shop, Union South, etc.). Mary did study in a consistent location. She studied in the same exact spot in the library every day. All other things being equal, who would you expect to perform better on the Psychology exam taken in the Psychology building main lecture hall? Mary Mark Mark and Mary should be equal because they both used massed practice Mark and Mary should be equal because they both used distributed practice There isn't enough information to determine
Mark
Which individual is MOST LIKELY to show a change in their rank-order level of agreeableness if they are tested 10 years later? Karen who is currently 25-years old Mitchell who is currently 60-years-old Beatrix who is currently 35-years-old None of the above, all individuals are equally likely Correct Answer Omar who is currently 6-years old
Mitchell who is currently 60-years-old
Four friends order coffee at a diner. The waitress though is new and, unbeknownst to the friends, messes up some of the orders (i.e., the people that got the wrong drink don't know that's the case). Tina: ordered regular (caffeinated) and received regular (caffeinated)Max: ordered regular (caffeinated) and received decaf (no caffeine)Molly: ordered decaf (no caffeine) and received regular (caffeinated) Shane: ordered decaf (no caffeine) and received decaf (no caffeine) *Note that caffeine is a stimulant that increases blood pressure and heart rate. A new person asks to join their table and begins chatting with the four friends. Knowing only the drinks they ordered and received, and based upon the Schacter and Singer model of emotion, which friend(s) is/are most likely to feel attracted to the new person at the table? Max & Shane equal Tina & Molly equal Tina Shane Molly
Molly
Gabe and Jessica are having an engaging conversation about their weekend plans while eating lunch in a crowded restaurant. The couple at the table next to them is talking about the guest list for their upcoming wedding. The woman at this table starts listing names of guests, "Jim, Diana, Kristin, Gabe, Jessica, Carrie, Dylan...". According to the early selection theory of attention, which of these names should Gabe notice being said? Just Gabe Just Jessica Gabe, Jessica, Carrie, and Dylan None of the names Gabe and Jessica
None of the names
Which of the following pairs of sisters are likely to be MOST SIMILAR in terms of their scores on intelligence tests? Pair A: monozygotic twins; raised together in the same home from birth Pair B: monozygotic twins; raised apart in different homes from birth Pair C: dizygotic twins; raised together in the same home from birth Pair D: non-twin biological sisters; raised in the same home from birth Pair E: non-related adopted sisters; raised in the same home from birth Pair A and Pair C (tied) Pair A and Pair B (tied) Pair A Pair B Pair C
Pair A
Which of the following would you expect to have the LOWEST correlation between their IQ scores? Genetic siblings (non-twins), raised apart Adopted siblings, raised together Monozygotic twins, raised together Pairs of individuals chosen completely at random from anywhere in the USA Monozygotic twins, raised apart
Pairs of individuals chosen completely at random from anywhere in the USA
Luke is reading papers outside. Some of the papers are currently in the direct sunlight, while some are in a shadow. Which one of the followings pieces of paper will be perceived as the darkest? Paper#4: in the shadow reflecting 20 photons per second Paper#3: in the shadow reflecting 30 photons per second Paper#5: in the shadow reflecting 60 photons per second Paper#1: in the sunlight reflecting 50 photons per second Paper#2: in the sunlight reflecting 20 photons per second
Paper#2: in the sunlight reflecting 20 photons per second
A high school debate team wants to perform well in the next debate that is coming up in 10 days. In order to maximize fairness across schools, a rule is in place indicating that each team is allowed to prepare for a maximum of 10 hours. The debate team leader wants to schedule the practice sessions in such a way as to maximize the team's performance. What schedule should she choose? Practice 10 hours on the day prior to the debate, for a total of 10 hours of practice Practice 1 hour per day on the 10 days prior to the debate, for a total of 10 hours of practice Practice 5 hours on the day prior to the debate, for a total of 5 hours of practice Practice 1 hour per day on the 5 days prior to the debate, for a total of 5 hours of practice Practice 2 hours per day on the 5 days prior to the debate, for a total of 10 hours of practice
Practice 1 hour per day on the 10 days prior to the debate, for a total of 10 hours of practice
Quentin works for a help desk. One day he receives a call from a client. Quentin is required to ask questions of the client in a certain order. After he types in the client's response to one question, the computer then gives him the next question to ask. Unfortunately, the computer system that Quentin uses is being extremely slow. Because of this, it takes Quentin about a minute to respond to each of the client's answers. If the client makes the fundamental attribution error, he will assume that the reason Quentin is so slow is that _________, which is a __________ attribution. Quentin is lazy or incompetent; interpersonal Quentin is lazy or incompetent; situational there's an issue with the computer system; dispositional there's an issue with the computer system; situational Quentin is lazy or incompetent; dispositiona
Quentin is lazy or incompetent; dispositiona
Daphne discovers a previously uncontacted tribe. She is interested in mapping the words they use for emotions to words that are used in English. One such emotion is labeled as "Scondora." The chief describes this emotion as being one with positive valence and low arousal. Which emotion below is "Scondora" most likely to be in English? Satisfied Afraid Delighted Gloomy Excited
Satisfied
Edward and his roommate are doing laundry at the local laundry mat, just like they have every Wednesday night for the past five months. Edward's roommate has always been really calm at the laundromat. Mainly he spends his time reading or studying. Tonight though, Edward's roommate was incredibly irritable. He verbally snapped at anyone who talked to him, and he kicked the washing machine repeatedly when it wouldn't take one of his quarters. What type of attribution will Edward be most likely to make about his roommate's behavior that night at the laundromat and why? - Situational - he'll assume his roommate must have had a bad day; because usually his roommate doesn't act like that at the laundromat - Situational - he'll assume his roommate is just an angry person; because usually his roommate doesn't act like that at the laundromat - Confrontational - he'll assume his roommate is just an angry person; because usually his roommate doesn't act like that at the laundromat - Dispositional - he'll assume his roommate must have had a bad day; because usually his roommate doesn't act like that at the laundromat - Dispositional - he'll assume his roommate is just an angry person; because usually his roommate doesn't act like that at the laundromat
Situational - he'll assume his roommate must have had a bad day; because usually his roommate doesn't act like that at the laundromat
A small community has two charities that are both targeted to raising money for children's poverty. In this community, people are looked highly upon when they show involvement in the community such as by donating to charities. Both charities have a policy that they will post information on who donates to the charities. The charities operate the same except that charity A lists everyone's name that donates no matter how much money they donated while charity B lists both who donates and how much money they donated. Charity B tends to raise more money than charity A. This is likely because of which psychological phenomenon? Bystander apathy Social facilitation Group think Cognitive dissonance Social loafing
Social loafing
Patrick needs to memorize the Gettsyburg Address (a 272-word speech). He will have to recite the whole speech from memory in his history class. If Patrick has three hours to prepare (either the night before the class or the morning of the class), how should he spend his time to maximize the chance that he will be able to recite the speech perfectly in class? Spend all 3 hours attempting to recite the speech from memory; do so the night before the class Spend approximately 1 hour re-reading the speech and 2 hours attempting to recite the speech from memory; do so the night before the class Re-read the speech over and over for all 3 hours; do so the night before the class Re-read the speech over and over for all 3 hours; do so the morning of the class Spend approximately 1 hour re-reading the speech and 2 hours attempting to recite the speech from memory; do so the morning of the class
Spend approximately 1 hour re-reading the speech and 2 hours attempting to recite the speech from memory; do so the night before the class
Brandon is an American table tennis (ping pong) player. Within the table tennis community there is a strong stereotypical belief that American players are not very good. Brandon played in ten international tournaments last year. The quality of the other competitors was identical in all ten tournaments. The only difference was that in five of the tournaments, the players' national anthems were played before each match. In the other five tournaments, no national anthems were played. If Brandon played significantly worse in the tournaments where the US national anthem was played than in the tournaments where no anthem was played, this would be most consistent with what psychological phenomenon? The universality hypothesis Self-serving bias Stereotype threat Equal status contact Social facilitation
Stereotype threat
Ronald buys a non-refundable ski trip ticket for the weekend that costs $300. The day before his trip, he learns that several of his high school friends are back in town for that weekend only. Ronald would really rather spend the weekend with his friends, but he goes on the ski trip anyway. When his girlfriend asks why he still chose to go skiing, Ronald says that otherwise he would have "wasted $300." Ronald's behavior is a good example of what decision-making issue: Endowment effect Temporal discounting Base-rate neglect Sunk-cost fallacy Egocentric bias
Sunk-cost fallacy
Individuals who are born blind, and so have never visually seen a smiling or frowning face, still make facial expressions that are clearly identifiable as smiles and frowns when they are happy or sad, respectively. This fact is most consistent with: The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion The universality hypothesis of facial expressions The display rules hypothesis of facial expressions The James-Lange theory of emotion The facial feedback theory of emotion
The universality hypothesis of facial expressions
Erin and Valerie had never played tennis before, but are planning on learning. There are two types of tennis shots they want to practice - the forehand and the backhand. On their first day of practice, they have 1 total hour to practice the two types of shots. Erin decides to spend the first 30 minutes practicing forehand shots, and then the second 30 minutes practicing backhand shots. Valerie decides to switch back and forth between the two types of shots for the whole 60 minutes (e.g., she hits one forehand and then one backhand, and then one forehand and one backhand, and so forth). All other things behind equal, you would expect ___________ to have improved more because her practice was more ______________. Erin; regimented Valerie; active Valerie; interleaved Erin; interleaved Erin; active
Valerie; interleaved
Daniel's research has shown that eating foods high in lycopene (an antioxidant) can be beneficial for heart health. Daniel wants to determine the most effective way to convince people to eat more food that contains lycopene. Daniel recruits 300 people from a shopping mall in Wisconsin. He tells them that if they watch a 5-minute video about eating healthy, they'll be paid $20. In general, these individuals aren't particularly interested in heart health or eating better. They also don't have any expertise in food science. Daniel assigns the participants to watch one of two videos: Video #1 is narrated by Daniel. He starts by discussing the fact that lycopene is an antioxidant and it then carefully describes the biochemistry of antioxidants. He then talks about why antioxidants might be important for heart health. Finally, the message ends by saying that eating foods high in lycopene could enhance heart health. At each stage, Daniel logically and fully presents the scientific evidence underlying the claim. Video #2 is narrated by members of the Milwaukee Brewers (the local professional baseball team). The players talk about why being healthy is important for them as successful athletes. They mention that they always eat foods with lots of lycopene to make sure they can play hard and feel healthy. The players don't present any scientific evidence or reasoning for why lycopene might be useful. After each participant watches the video, Daniel has them fill out a survey indicating how likely they are to start eating more foods containing lycopene. Given the description of the participants, you would expect participants who watched Video #_______ to be more likely to say they'll eat more foods containing lycopene because this video used ________ persuasion. Video #2; central route (systematic) Video #2; peripheral route (heuristic) Video #1; central route (systematic) Video #1; peripheral route (heuristic) Video #1; mere exposure
Video #2; peripheral route (heuristic)
You are participating in a dichotic listening task, where you need to attend to information in one ear while ignoring information in the other ear. Which of the following examples provides the MOST support for the attenuation model of attention and not the other theories of attention? You notice that the voice in the unattended ear drastically changed pitch You notice that the voice in the unattended ear spoke about going shopping, even though you have little interest in shopping. You notice that the voice in the unattended ear changed from Italian to Spanish (both are similar sounding languages) You notice that the voice in the unattended ear named a famous celebrity, but you did not recognize any other words from the unattended ear You do not notice any words from the unattended ear, even the mentioning of your father's name
You notice that the voice in the unattended ear named a famous celebrity, but you did not recognize any other words from the unattended ear
Wendy is a basketball player. Playing a sport in front of a large audience naturally produces an increase in heart-rate in humans. Just before the start of every basketball game, the national anthem is played. Hearing the national anthem doesn't naturally produce any change in heart-rate in humans. However, after playing basketball for ten years, Wendy now finds that anytime she hears the national anthem, even if she's not about to play a game, her heart starts beating a little faster. In this example, Wendy's heart beating faster when she hears the national anthem is an example of: an unconditioned stimulus an unconditioned response a conditioned response negative reinforcement a conditioned stimulus
a conditioned response
Which of the following emotions is negative in valence and high in arousal? afraid excited bored tired relaxed
afraid
Which of the following emotions would be considered HIGH in arousal and NEGATIVE in valence? delighted satisfied afraid relaxed depressed
afraid
The average SAT (college entrance exam) score is 1500 points (note that higher scores = better performance). The typical range of scores in a given year (i.e., the range that encompasses 95% of those individuals that take the exam) is 1000-2000 points. Gary holds the stereotypical belief that "all rich people are smart." If Gary was asked to estimate the average SAT score for the wealthiest 1% of individuals as well as to estimate the range of scores for the wealthiest 1% of individuals, his most likely response would be: average = 2000; range = 1800-2200 average = 1500; range = 1000-2000 average = 1500; range = 500-2500 average = 2000; range = 1500-2500 average = 1500; range = 950-1050
average = 2000; range = 1800-2200
In one classic study showing the impact of implicit bias on perception, participants were first shown either the face of a black individual or a white individual. The face was then quickly followed by a picture of a tool or a gun. Participants incorrectly perceived tools as guns more often when the face that came before the picture was of a _______ individual. This effect was largest when participants were asked to respond _______. white; slowly white; quickly black; quickly black; without showing bias black; slowly
black; quickly
Sanaya purchased a new computer and is disappointed by its processing speed. She goes back to the store to return the computer, but the employee refuses to issue Sanaya a full refund. The employee will only give Sanaya 90% of her money back due to the company's policy on restocking fees. If Sanaya makes the fundamental attribution error, she is likely to think that the employee is ___________, which are __________ attributions. cheap, greedy, and mean; evaluative only following store policy and has no choice in the matter; dispositional only following store policy and has no choice in the matter; situational cheap, greedy, and mean; situational cheap, greedy, and mean; dispositional
cheap, greedy, and mean; dispositional
The "Tobacco Free Florida" advertising campaign utilized a series of commercials where video clips of people smoking were interspersed with extremely negative and disturbing video clips including a brain being cut in half to show a clot that had formed due to cigarette smoke and a woman whose teeth slowly turn into tar and leak out of her mouth. What means of influencing behavior is this ad campaign an example of? framing anchoring classical conditioning representativeness systematic persuasion
classical conditioning
Bennet is attending a University of Wisconsin football game against a major rival. That morning Bennet had started to feel ill. By the time he gets to the game, he is disoriented and sweating through his t-shirt. As he walks up the bleachers to his seat, he stumbles several times and eventually falls down several stairs landing hard on the ground. The complete strangers sitting around Bennet will likely believe that he is ____________, which is a __________ attribution. ill; dispositional ill; situational clumsy; dispositional ill; convergent clumsy; situational
clumsy; dispositional
Martin recently bought a chair for his entertainment system with speakers built into the chair. Unfortunately, the chair was defective. Every time one particular frequency of sound was played, the chair gave Martin a shock to his neck. Humans don't like being shocked and will automatically move away from things that shock them. Martin tolerated the chair for about a week before he finally got a replacement. However, Martin found that even though the new chair wasn't shocking him, whenever he heard that one particular frequency of sound, he still jumped up out of the chair. In this example of classical conditioning, Martin jumping out of the new replacement chair whenever he heard the one particular frequency of sound is the __________. unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response prototypical response conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Benjamin is a very neat and organized individual. There are never stray papers on his desk. Instead, everything is always put away exactly where it belongs. Benjamin is also very punctual. He is never late for meetings and always meets his deadlines at work. From the description above alone, Benjamin would likely score HIGH along which of the Big Five personality dimensions? agreeableness extraversion neuroticism openness conscientiousness
conscientiousness
Davida is a psychologist. She is interested in a new herbal supplement many undergraduate students in her classes have started taking called Scire. The students claim that taking Scire makes them work harder, persevere through difficult tasks, be more organized, and be more punctual. Davida has 1000 total students in her various undergraduate classes. She asks each them to indicate how many Scire pills they have taken over the past week. She also asks them to indicate: (1) how many classes they've missed or been late to over the past week, (2) how many projects they've missed deadlines for, and (3) to rate, on a scale of 1-to-10 how hard they've worked on schoolwork over the past week. Based upon the description above alone, Davida's students believe that taking Scire affects which of the following Big 5 personality dimensions? extraversion neuroticism conscientiousness agreeableness openness
conscientiousness
Gabe and Lance have been best friends since elementary school. They now go to the same college and are in the same chemistry class. Gabe knows that Lance had perfect attendance in high school and has always been well-known for being extremely organized and always on time. In fact, Gabe has never seen Lance be late for anything. One day, during the second week of classes, Lance comes in 10 minutes late for Chemistry. Lance's face is red and he's clearly out of breath. Based solely on the description of Lance above, he would likely rate HIGH along which personality dimension? openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
conscientiousness
Terrence is neat, well organized, and is always perfectly on time. He would likely score HIGH in what personality trait? neuroticism conscientiousness openness extraversion agreeableness
conscientiousness
The following terms describe Diane: self-disciplined, secure, calm, organized. According to the Big Five factor model of personality, Jennifer would rate HIGH for _________, and LOW for ___________. conscientiousness; extraversion neuroticism; openness to experience neuroticism; extraversion agreeableness; neuroticism conscientiousness; neuroticism
conscientiousness; neuroticism
Viktor has just moved to a new town. He is driving to his first day of high school. He is heading down a pretty steep hill when all of a sudden, the road curves without warning. Viktor can't slow down in time and skids off the road. He isn't hurt, but his car is wrecked. He has his mother pick him up and drive him to school. The teacher in Viktor's first class has lived in the town for a long time. He knows that many other people have had accidents, or came close to having one, in the exact same place as Viktor when they first drove on that road. The teacher thus knows that Viktor's accident represents _____________ and thus the teacher is likely to make a ________ attribution. consensus behavior; dispositional consensus behavior; situational distinctiveness behavior; situational consistency behavior; situational consistency behavior; dispositional
consensus behavior; situational
Jackie is a waitress who has a 9-month-old baby. Last night, her baby was up the entire night screaming in pain from an ear infection so Jackie literally got zero hours of sleep. Among other things, lack of sleep causes difficulty concentrating and problems with coordination. When Jackie gets to work, she first forgets to get coffee for one of her customers. Then, when she does get the coffee, she trips and accidentally spills the coffee all over the customer. If the customer makes the fundamental attribution error, he'll likely make a _______ attribution. He'll attribute Jackie's behavior to her being __________. dispositional; forgetful and clumsy situational; forgetful and clumsy dispositional; exhausted from not getting enough sleep dispositional; new at her job situational; exhausted from not getting enough sleep
dispositional; forgetful and clumsy
In gym class, you are assigned to run a 1-mile race against 9 randomly chosen students from your class. It's a rainy day and the ground is slippery. Based upon what we learned about the self-serving bias, if you win the race, you are likely to make a ____________ attribution for your performance. If you lose the race, you are likely to make a ____________ attribution for your performance. dispositional; situational dispositional; social facilitative social facilitative; situational situational; situational dispositional; dispositional
dispositional; situational
Dale owns a pasta making business. During his first year owning the business, Dale saw antagonism start to develop between the people who ran the pasta making machines and the people who worked in sales. The sales people would refer to the pasta makers as "uneducated" and "backwards." The pasta makers would refer to the sales people as "spoiled" and "unable to do any real hard work." To combat this, Dale decided to hold a company picnic where everyone played games together. Critically, all the games required pasta makers and salespeople to work together in order to succeed. For example, they had a three-legged race where all the pairs included one pasta maker and one salesperson. Dale was attempting to use what strategy to reduce inter-group conflict? framing effects fundamental attribution equal status contact evaluative conditioning cognitive dissonance
equal status contact
Max is often late and unreliable. He also loves social interaction and is usually the life of the party. Based on this description, Max would likely score HIGH for the ________ personality trait and LOW for _____________. extraversion; conscientiousness agreeableness; neuroticism extraversion; agreeableness openness; conscientiousness openness; neuroticism
extraversion; conscientiousness
Janet and Lynn are twin sisters. Janet always had slightly more conservative political beliefs and Lynn always had slightly more liberal political beliefs. When they started college, Janet joined a conservative student group, while Janet joined a liberal student group. After four years, their political opinions were incredibly different. Janet had become extremely conservative and Lynn had become extremely liberal. The example above demonstrates the concept of: framing effects evaluative conditioning group polarization obedience social loafing
group polarization
When Brian arrived at college, he had somewhat conservative political views. During his Freshman year, he joined a number of conservative political groups and he remained a member of those groups for his entire college career. He also began to predominantly read conservative websites and watch conservative television programs. When Brian graduated, his political views were much more conservative than when he started college. The change in Brian's political beliefs is consistent with what effect: social facilitation social loafing cognitive dissonance group polarization the law of small numbers
group polarization
Kelly and Debbie are basketball players. Kelly makes on average 25% of her three-point shots. Debbie makes on average 40% of her three-point shots. In the championship game Kelly has gone 4/4 on her shots, while Debbie has gone 2/4. With the team down by 3 points, the coach has to decide who should take the final shot. If she chooses Kelly, the coach may be guilty of __________. framing anchoring hot hand fallacy sunk cost fallacy
hot hand fallacy
The case study of Genie demonstrates that it is possible to have reasonably normal _______, while having poor ________. declarative memory abilities; implicit memory abilities language abilities; intelligence auditory abilities; visual abilities visual abilities; auditory abilities intelligence; language abilities
intelligence; language abilities
Which of the following IS true about performance on intelligence tests: men tend to outperform women on all measures of intelligence men tend to outperform women on measures of spatial intelligence there are no differences in any intelligence test scores between the sexes women tend to outperform men on all measures of intelligence women tend to outperform men on measures of spatial intelligence
men tend to outperform women on measures of spatial intelligence
Dr. Noh evaluates a new patient who recently experienced a head injury. Prior to the injury the patient's vision was normal, but now the patient is completely blind. Based on this information alone, which lobe of the brain was MOST likely damaged? occipital cerebellar parietal temporal frontal
occipital
Valerie and Stephanie are selected to join the women's volleyball team. Valerie says that she is "satisfied," while Stephanie says that she is "delighted." These two emotions are similar in that they both indicate ________________, but they differ in terms of ____________. high arousal; their valence negative valence; their arousal positive valence; negative valence low arousal; their valence positive valence; their arousal
positive valence; their arousal
Karl and Blake both failed their Organic Chemistry mid-term. If Karl is asked about his own failure, he is likely make a _________ attribution. If Karl is asked about Blake's failure, he is likely to make a _________ attribution. dispositional; dispositional situational; situational dispositional; situational situational; dispositional
situational; dispositional
Brad and Tim were chosen to throw out the ceremonial first pitch during the first two games at a major league baseball stadium. Brad never played baseball growing up. Not surprisingly then, when he threw 15 practice pitches on the day before the game, he was pretty inaccurate. Brad's pitches were, on average, 5 feet from the catcher's glove (where 0 feet would be a perfect pitch). Tim was a baseball pitcher all the way through college. He also threw 15 practice pitches the day before and he was pretty accurate. Tim's pitches were, on average, 8 inches from the catcher's glove. Based on the ___________ you would expect when Brad and Tim throw their real pitches at the beginning of their respective games, that Brad would be _______ accurate than he was in practice and Tim would be ______ accurate than he was in practice. group polarization effect; more; less stereotype threat effect; more; less social facilitation effect; less; more social facilitation effect; more; more group polarization effect; less; more
social facilitation effect; less; more
Few women work in the video game industry, despite a large population of females playing video games. Amy (a female) has been developing her own video games at home and decides to take a video game design class. Amy notices that the class consists of 90% males. On the first day of class, Amy's instructor says to her, "It's great that you are in this class. Most women are not good at designing video games." Amy struggles a lot in the class and receives poor grades, despite her having ample experience developing video games. Amy's difficulty in the video game design class is likely due to which of the following? actor-observer effect stereotype threat in-group/out-group bias fundamental attribution error group polarization
stereotype threat
Gayle, Jenna, and Kayla have the three highest grades in mathematics in their high school class. They are thus selected to be members of the high school math team. Right before their first competition, their coach says, "Let's show them that a team of all girls can win!" Although the coach was attempting to be encouraging, by evoking the stereotypical belief that females are worse at math than males, the coach may inadvertently produce what effect (that would cause the team to perform worse than expected)? stereotype threat framing bias confirmation bias representativeness heuristic misattribution threat
stereotype threat
Kris is a track athlete. Right before the biggest race of the year, one of the coaches says to Kris, "Don't worry. I know you'll do great, even though you're the only white person in the whole competition" (thus evoking the idea that white individuals are not athletic). Kris ends up in last place, with her worst time of the year. The coach may have contributed to Kris's poor performance by activating _________. confirmation bias misattribution threat stereotype threat representativeness heuristic framing bias
stereotype threat
After three months of training, Office Daley is presented with a very similar situation. He has asked an individual on the street for their driver's license. The individual moves his hand toward his back pocket. Officer Daley's initial reaction is fear that the individual is reaching for a weapon. However, he does not respond immediately. He sees that the individual is in fact only reaching for his wallet in his back pocket. What is the correct order of brain areas that were activated and resulted in Officer Daley's decision to NOT shoot in the simulation? thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala thalamus, sensory cortex, amygdala amygdala, thalamus thalamus, amygdala, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex thalamus, amygdala
thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala
In primates, damage to ________ is associated with a reduction in the sense of fear. the amygdala the hippocampus Wernicke's area posterior parietal cortex Broca's area
the amygdala
Gretta moves from Wisconsin to Tennessee. Gretta had really never listened to country music in Wisconsin, but she found that it was played very frequently in Tennessee (e.g., at shopping malls, at baseball games, etc.). At first, she didn't like the country music very much. It sounded sort of strange to her. However, the more and more she listened to country music, the more she found herself liking it. The change in Gretta's attitudes about country music is consistent with what psychological phenomenon? group polarization the mere exposure effect justification of effort suggestibility availability bias
the mere exposure effect
The first time James watched an episode of the television show "Dr. Who," he didn't enjoy the show very much. However, after watching several episodes, the characters began to feel more familiar and James found that he was enjoying the show a lot. This is an example of: the social exposure effect the repetition saliency effect classical conditioning the consistency effect the mere exposure effect
the mere exposure effect
Kenna strongly believes that Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola taste very different. Specifically, she believes that Pepsi-Cola tastes sweeter than Coca-Cola. A friend decides to play a trick on Kenna. He fills two cups with store brand cola. However, he labels one cup "Coca-Cola" and the other cup "Pepsi-Cola." He asks Kenna to look at the labels and then to drink from both cups and tell him which is sweeter. In this example, the bottom-up information is _________ for the liquid in the two cups. The top-down information is __________ for the liquid in the two cups. In the end, Kenna is most likely to say that the liquids taste _________. the same; different; different the same; different, the same the same; the same; the same different; different; different different; different; the same
the same; different; different
The training facilities for the University of Illinois swim team have been under construction all year. This has made it extremely difficult for the team to practice. When the team loses its first five swim meets of the season, a sportswriter who has fallen victim to the fundamental attribution error is likely to write that the team has performed poorly because __________, which is a _____________ attribution. the lack of training facilities has put the swimmers at a disadvantage; situational the lack of training facilities has put the swimmers at a disadvantage; dispositional the swimmers are lazy and unmotivated; dispositional the swimmers are lazy and unmotivated; contextual the swimmers are lazy and unmotivated; situational
the swimmers are lazy and unmotivated; dispositional
A doctor in India is studying a group of children who were all born completely blind. The children have never seen a human face. The doctor is thus interested to find that when he tells a joke, all of the children recognizably smile. He also finds that when the children are sad, they recognizably frown. This is consistent with: the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion the facial feedback theory of emotion the James-Lange theory of emotion the universality hypothesis of facial expressions the display rules hypothesis of facial expressions
the universality hypothesis of facial expressions
In follow-up experiments to Milgram's obedience study, which of the following has been found to DECREASE obedience in participants: when there is no role model present for disobeying the experimenter when the victim is in close proximity to the participant when the experimenter is perceived to be a legitimate authority when the participant cannot see the learner when he or she is "shocked" when the experimenter is from a prestigious institution
when the victim is in close proximity to the participant
