Psych Exam 4
id; ego
According to Freud, the irrational and emotional part of the mind is the ________, and the rational part of the mind is the ________.
vertical
According to Triandis, ________ societies assume that individuals are importantly different from each other.
people report feeling like they become closer to their ideal selves.
According to a study reported in the text, one result of Rogerian psychotherapy may be that
.40.
According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as
self-control
According to the text, what is the psychological theme of the anal stage?
indicators; clues
According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.
B
An IQ test yields what kind of data?
emphasis on observational learning
Bandura's ________ has proven to be the MOST influential of his ideas.
emics; etics
Components of ideas that are particular to a specific culture are called ________, and components that are universal across cultures are called ________.
nomothetic
Essential motivations that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals.
libido; Thanatos
Freud called the fundamental force that was necessary for creation, protection, and enjoyment of life ________. The idea that the basic tendency of ordered systems is toward disorder and chaos is similar to Freud's concept of ________.
build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world.
George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals
stress, anxiety, and depression; impulsivity and sensation seeking
High levels of cortisol appear to be associated with ________, and low levels of cortisol appear to be associated with ________.
judgments made by knowledgeable observers.
I data are
The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically mean?
identical twins; fraternal twins
If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than across pairs of ________.
test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated.
If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then
Type I
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?
0
Imagine that you could draw a flat horizontal line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between X and Y. Which of the following is the closest value to the correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data?
The amount of variability explained by the person was large.
In Leikas, Lönnqvist, and Verkasalo (2012), participants interacted with trained actors. The number of times a participant gestured depended mostly on his or her own characteristics. Which of the following reflects the correct interpretation of this result?
situations.
In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be MOST accurately predicted from
the same people over time; people at different ages
Longitudinal studies survey ________, whereas cross-sectional studies survey ________.
interneurons.
Nerve fibers that organize and regulate transmissions between nerves are called
reliable.
On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence's scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale do not appear to be
the Chinese language has far fewer trait words than the English language.
One potential argument for the claim that personality seems to matter less in collectivistic cultures is that
active learning; passive learning
Operant conditioning emphasizes ________, whereas respondent conditioning emphasizes ________.
opportunities for success
Providing individuals with ________ seems to be the best way to raise self-esteem.
are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will.
Psychologists following the phenomenological approach
procedural; declarative
Self-knowledge can be divided into ________ knowledge and ________ knowledge.
conscientiousness.
Starting a job, entering college, and beginning a serious relationship are all associated with increases in
hedonic well-being.
Stephen seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. He pursues
genotype; phenotype
The ________ refers to the underlying genetic structure that leads to the observable ________.
rejected
The ________ self is NOT one of the self-relevant schemas that are part of self-discrepancy theory.
conscientiousness
The avoidance of drug abuse is associated with what trait?
injuries to the brain can affect personality and behavior.
The case of railroad worker Phineas Gage illustrates that
identify groups of test items that seem to be alike.
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to
behavioral genetics.
The field of study that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality traits) are shared by biological relatives is called
sociometer
The idea that feelings of self-esteem evolved to gauge social acceptance is known as the ________ theory.
behaviorist
The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm.
biological reductionism.
The point of view that scientists will eventually be able to explain everything about the mind via biology is called
active person-environmental transaction.
The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called
outgroup homogeneity bias.
The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the
explain whole, functioning persons and real-life concerns.
The unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt to
primary process thinking; secondary process thinking
Unconscious thought is generally due to ________, and conscious thought is generally due to ________.
reaction time
What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
actor, agent, author
What is the correct order of narrative identity development over the life course, according to Dan McAdams?
trait
What is the largest, most all-encompassing, and most dominant approach in personality psychology today?
latency stage
What term did Freud use to describe the psychological respite or time out that occurs before the genital stage?
reinforcement
What term is used to describe a good result that follows a particular behavior?
experimental
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
positron emission tomography (PET)
Which of the following brain imaging techniques would be MOST useful to a researcher interested in brain blood flow activity associated with fear after viewing pictures of spiders?
scripts
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic stages of emotion?
morality
Which of the following is NOT one of the core virtues identified by positive psychology?
biological
Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad?
elaboration
Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?
amygdala
Which of these brain structures is thought to play a role in judging whether stimuli offer threats or rewards?
Random variations tend to cancel out when aggregated.
Which reason describes why averaged (aggregated) behaviors are more strongly related to personality traits than individual behaviors?
changes; is stable
With accumulated evidence from personality and developmental psychology we can conclude that personality ________ and ________ over the life course.
Thrown-ness
________ is a term for the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born.
Enculturation
________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.