PSYCH EXAM 4

sensory memory retains information for about ___

5 seconds

___ is known for using little albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

cooper trains his boyfriend Patrick to avoid eating cake every day by squirting him with a water pistol every time he sees patrick moving towards a cake. Eventually patrick avoids cake all together. In this example, identify the UCR, UCS, CR, and the CS.

UCR: the desire to eat cake UCS: squirting patrick with a water gun CR: avoiding cake CS: present when patrick associates cake with being squirted by a water gun

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

in the initial period of learning, ___ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

acquisition

classical and operant conditioning are forms of ___ learning.

associational

in operant conditioning the ___ are the key to learning.

consequences

choosing to buy one brand of coffee over another because of how it tastes is called ___.

discrimination

what did John B Watson and Rosaline Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

what is the primary conclusion John B Watson made after working with little albert

emotions can be a conditioned response

which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

extinction

In pavlov's experiment with dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

food

when little albert became afraid of all things white and furry, we say that he was ___.

generalizing

Mateo has a dog named Princess Sparklewhiskers. Mateo uses classical conditioning to train Princess Sparklewhiskers to run to the door every time he gets the dog leash. How can he use higher order conditioning to condition another stimulus?

he can pair the conditioned stimulus (getting the dog leash), which results in Princess Sparklewhiskers running to the door with a second unconditioned stimulus, such as clapping his hands. Eventually she will run to the door when he claps his hand, even when he does not have the dog leash.

which of the following statements about pavlov is true?

he is known for establishing the principles of operant conditioning

in ___ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

what type of behavior is the process of classical conditioning based upon?

involuntary

which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears bright red shirts only on exam days, every exam, to scare the student, to see how long it takes a student to fear the red shirt

observational learning is also called ___

modeling

which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

money

the use of consequences to teach is called ___ conditioning.

operant

which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

oxygen

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

the recovery of information stored in the brain is ___

retrieval

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, what was the unconditioned response?

salivating to the food

reinforcing baby steps toward a desired complex behavior is the basic principle of ___.

shaping

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

what happens to behavior that is reinforced?

strengthens

which of the following would be classified as a behaviorist

B. F. skinner

to maximize learning, a ___ should be presented on a ___ schedule.

CS + UCS ; continuous

which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli, and consequently, to anticipate events

classical conditioning

which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

In ___ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicts a reaction. for example: a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

the pairing of two previously un-associated stimuli is ___ conditioning.

classical

the process of memory is analogous to which system?

computer

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that through learning now evokes a conditioned response is a ___

conditioned stimulus

which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

the "what" or explicit memory is also called ___ memory

declarative

memory of past personal events is ___ memory

episodic

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

what are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events such as aging and the changing of the seasons

instincts

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

conditioning is a form of ___

learning

conditioning is just another word or simple form of ___.

learning

what was the main point of pavlov's experiment with dogs

learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

the type of memory that can store about 7 pieces of information at once is ___

long term memory

in classical conditioning, the association that is learned between a ___

neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

the originator of classical conditioning theory was ___.

pavlov

the memory of how to do things is ___ memory

procedural

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

behaviorist perspective

the psychological perspective primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationships of observable behavior to environmental stimuli

which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

the pupil of your eye contracting with bright light

a reflex/ action that occurs without prior learning is ___

unconditioned

in classical conditioning, the ___ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to pollen (the stimulus)

unconditioned response

which schedule of reinforcement results in persistent behavior?

variable

gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a ___ schedule.

variable ratio: varies on the number of times you do a certain activity

what type of behavior is operant conditioning based upon?

voluntary

the little albert study was conducted by ___

watson