psych final
The heritability for traits of a cloned population is a) 0% b) 25% c) 50% d) 75% e) 100%
a) 0%
Who was the creator of the concept of social-cognitive theory? a) Bandura b) Pavlov c) Watson d) Skinner e) Freud
a) Bandura
The most widely used self-report inventory for personality assessment is the a) MMPI-2 b) TAT c) WAIS-R d) Rorsbach e) PSAT
a) MMPI-2
Which of the following best illustrates hostile aggression? a) a man slaps his wife because he is angry she has made hamburgers for dinner again b) a sanitation man knocks over some rose bushes when he throws an empty can to the curb c) a waitress breaks several cups and saucers when she drops a tray on the floor d) a careless driver hits and severely injures a pedestrian who is crossing the street e) an adolescent hangs up on an irritating salesperson
a) a man slaps his wife because he is angry she has made hamburgers for dinner again
If arrested for committing a crime, whom of the following would be most likely to be declared legally insane? a) aaron, who suffers symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia b) brett, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder c) clara, who suffers symptoms of zoophobia d) don, who has symptoms of hypochondriasis e) ed, who has been diagnosed w narcissistic personality disorder
a) aaron, who suffers symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia
Emily scored at the 65th percentile on a standardized achievement test. This indicates which of the following? Her score was a) above average b) average c) below average d) just passing e) unreliable
a) above average
Which of the following statements is NOT true about achievement motivation? a) achievement is almost exclusively determined by extrinsic forces b) according to maslow, basic needs must first be meet in order to aspire to higher goals c) high achievers often spend more time in practice and rehearsal than low achievers d) high achievement has both emotional and cognitive roots e) people with a high need for achievement tend to be more persistent
a) achievement is almost exclusively determined by extrinsic forces
Research reveals that the most critical factor in type A behavior is associated with heart disease is a) anger b) competitiveness c) sense of time urgency d) conscientousness e) motivation
a) anger
Joey, a 25 year old convict, has a history of conduct disorder in elementary school and bullying in junior high. By high school, he was mugging peers and taking whatever he wanted from elderly. shoppers without caring if he hurt anyone. Joey would most likely be diagnosed with a) antisocial personality disorder b) dissociative identity disorder c) paranoid schizophrenia d) somatoform disorder e) amnesia
a) antisocial personality disorder
Some people are motivated to accomplish tasks such as mountain climbing, parachuting, or running a marathon. Which theory of motivation best explains this behavior? a) arousal theory b) cannon bard theory c) instinct theory d) drive reduction theory e) james lange theory
a) arousal theory
Dan read a list of 30 vocabulary words only once. If he is typical and shows the serial position effect, we would expect that the words he remembers two days later are a) at the beginning of the list b) at the end of the list c) in the middle of the list d) distributed throughout the list e) unpredictable
a) at the beginning of the list
After hearing a news story about a recent airline crash, Bobbie is afraid to fly. Her husband attempts to talk her into flying by pointing out that statistically, people are much safer on an airplane than in a car. She still refuses to fly. Bobbie has calculated her risk using what? a) availability heuristic b) prototyping c) serial position effect d) representative heuristic e) an algorithm
a) availability heuristic
Which of the following is NOT true about the motor and sensory cortices? a) both are located in the lower portions of the cerebellum b) sensitive areas such as the mouth, fingers, and genitals occupy more cortical space c) the motor cortex controls voluntary movements, while the sensory cortex registers and processes body sensations d) the left hemisphere of the cortices controls and receives info from the right side of the body and vice versa e) the motor cortex is located at the front of the parietal lobe
a) both are located in the lower portions of the cerebellum
Warren has been diagnosed with aphasia. An MRI scan of his brain would likely show damage to what region of his brain? a) broca's area b) pons c) prefrontal cortex d) cerebellum e) hypothalamus
a) broca's area
Which of the following theories of emotion states that an emotionally arousing experience causes simultaneous triggering of physiological reaction and the subjective experience of emotion? a) cannon bard theory b) james lange theory c) two factor theory d) opponent process theory e) drive reduction theory
a) cannon bard theory
More than half of the volume of the human brain is composed of the a) cerebral cortex b) septum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex c) medulla, pons, and cerebellum d) hypothalamus and thalamus e) olfactory bulbs, optic chiasma, pituitary gland, and reticular formation
a) cerebral cortex
Carl Rogers developed an approach to psychotherapy that involves active listening on the part of the therapist and an empathetic environment. This approach is described as a) client centered b) psychoanalytic c) behavioral d) ecletic e) biological
a) client centered
In order to better treat her clients, Molly decides to combine therapies that involve changing self-defeating thinking and changing inappropriate behaviors. This combination would be a form of a) cognitive-behavior therapy b) psychoanalysis c) humanistic therapy d) insight therapy e) client-centered therapy
a) cognitive-behavior therapy
Which of the following reinforcement schedules results in maintenance of behavior that is LEAST resistant to extinction? a) continuous b) fixed ratio c) fixed interval d) variable ratio e) variable interval
a) continuous
The overabundance of what substance in the brain is often linked to schizophrenia? a) dopamine b) serotonin c) mercury d) endorphins e) acetycholine
a) dopamine
Weber's law of the difference threshold states which of the following? a) for a person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage b) for a person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant amount, which is the same no matter what the stimuli are c) the just noticeable difference must be lower than the absolute threshold d) subliminal messages work best on people who have a heightened difference threshold e) transduction must precede signal detection
a) for a person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
A therapist tells Paula that her id is dominating her behavior. Which of these figures is most associated with the concept of the id? a) freud b) erikson c) piaget d) gilligan e) bandora
a) freud
A psychology professor assumes that one of his students is not intelligent because his test scores are very low. Later, he finds out that the student's parents had recently divorced and a grandparent had just died. What might explain the professor's mistaken assumption about the student? a) fundamental attribution error b) groupthink c) deindividuation d) defense mechanisms e) transference
a) fundamental attribution error
A pigeon trained to peck at a green light pecks at a yellow light also. This illustrates a) discrimination b) extinction c) generalization d) spontaneous recovery e) shaping
a) generalization
During the manic phase of bipolar disorder, individuals are most likely to experience a) high self-esteem b) delusions of persecution c) uncontrollable grief and despair d) visual hallucinations e) extreme sleepiness
a) high self-esteem
Damage to what brain structure can result in either extreme, insatiable hunger or a total lack of interest in food? a) hypothalamus b) hippocampus c) angular gyrus d) prefontal cortex e) pons
a) hypothalamus
A population frequently studied to best assess the relative effects of nature v. nurture is a) identical twins b) identical quadruplets c) adopted children and their adoptive parents d) families with genetic diseases e) couples who have been married for many years
a) identical twins
The WAIS and the Stanford-Binet are what kind of tests? a) intelligence b) aptitude c) achievement d) criterion referenced e) creativity
a) intelligence
According to Bandura, which of the following would NOT have to be present for observational learning to be successful? a) intention b) attention c) retention d) ability to reproduce the behavior e) motivation
a) intention
According to Erikson, a young adult's developmental crisis centers around a) intimacy v isolation b) identity v role confusion c) autonomy v shame and guilt d) industry v inferiority e) generativity v stagnation
a) intimacy v isolation
Who was the author of a controversial study from the 1950s concerning American sexual behavior? a) kinsey b) skinner c) freud d) watson e) bandura
a) kinsey
Dr. Scarlett conducted experiments in which she electrically stimulated parts of a cat's brain. A cat that became terrified in the presence of a mouse was most likely stimulated in the a) limbic system b) thalamus c) medulla d) cerebellum e) temporal lobe
a) limbic system
You are given four lists of words to learn: 1, 2, 3, and 4. You must learn list 1, then list 2, etc. Which list(s) would cause a proactive interference for remembering list 2? a) list 1 only b) list 3 only c) list 4 only d) list 3 and 4 only e) list 1, 3, and 4
a) list 1 only
Basic needs often motivate human behavior. In order to meet higher-order needs, one must first meet those basic needs, an idea referred to as a hierarchy of needs. Who conceptualized this theory? a) maslow b) cannon c) skinner d) pavlov e) kinsey
a) maslow
Colson is learning to play the piano. He has memorized the notes on the scale by remembering "every good boy does fine" and "good boys do fine always." This memory trick is called a(n) a) mnemonic device b) encoding device c) rehearsal cue d) implicit organizer e) explicit organizer
a) mnemonic device
Jyoti notes the behavior of people as they wait in line for tickets to rock concerts. Which of the following. research methods is she using? a) naturalistic observation b) survey c) controlled experiment d) quasi experiment e) case study
a) naturalistic observation
Professor Cafaro carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in a physical education class in order to track the development of their physical skills. Professor Cafaro is mot clearly engaged in a) naturalistic observation b) survey research c) experimentation d) replication research e) psychoanalysis
a) naturalistic observation
which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your car? a) olfactory receptors b) gustatory receptors c) feature detectors d) basilar membrane e) pacinian corpuscles
a) olfactory receptors
What subtype of schizophrenia often involves a preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations? a) paranoid b) disorganized c) catatonic d) undifferentiated e) residual
a) paranoid
The concept of cognitive development consisting of four distinct stages is credited to a) piaget b) erikson c) bandura d) kohlberg e) skinner
a) piaget
Arthur served in WWII and was wounded during the invasion of Iwo Jima. Many years later, images of his experience still intrude on him in flashbacks and nightmares, and he is often startled by loud sounds and noises. He refuses to discuss his experiences with anyone. Which of these would be the diagnosis for Arthur? a) post traumatic stress disorder b) phobic disorder c) obsessive compulsive disorder d) generalized anxiety disorder e) major depressive disorder
a) post traumatic stress disorder
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called a) prejudice b) ethnocentrism c) in group bias d) discrimination e) scapegoating
a) prejudice
This behavior was once thought to be a form of mental illness, but recent research has shown that under the right circumstances, almost anyone can be guilty of it. It is considered worse than stereotyping. What is this behavior? a) prejudice b) dispositional attribution c) groupthink d) ethnocentrism e) generalization
a) prejudice
A therapist used the Rorschach inkblot test to help him analyze his patient's problems. He was most likely a a) psychoanalyst b) person-centered therapist c) behavioral psychologist d) certified clinical social worker e) psychiatrist
a) psychoanalyst
What approach to psychotherapy attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts? a) psychoanalytic b) humanistic c) behavioral d) eclectic e) biological
a) psychoanalytic
Researchers studying rates of clinical depression and suicide notice that the diangosis rates of these conditions tend to be higher in the winter months. Another name for this phenomenon is a) seasonal affective disorder b) dysrhythmia disorder c) hypochondriasis d) narcissistic personality disorder e) amanic episode
a) seasonal affective disorder
Tony got accepted to the college he wants to attend is going to the prom with a girl he really admires and was hired for the summer job he sought. He was high a) self efficacy b) self doubt c) self handicapping d) introversion e) deindividuation
a) self efficacy
When the class listened to a list of words, half the group was directed to listen for sounds while the other half was asked to gauge the emotional impact of the words. The group who gauged the emotional impact remembered many more words. This is evidence that better retention results with attention to a) semantic features b) echoic features c) shallow processing d) surface processing e) rehearsal
a) semantic features
Kathy has been blind since birth. A new surgical technique is able to restore her sight at age 30. What type of research suggests that she will not be likely to recognize objects by sight that she knows by touch? a) sensory deprivation b) accommodation c) transduction d) selective attention e) shape consistency
a) sensory deprivation
Ben thinks students will answer questions printed on yellow paper more quickly than those printed on blue paper. All study participants will take three tests with 35 multiple-choice questions each. The independent variable in Ben's experiment is a) the color of the paper b) the number of questions answered correctly c) how long it takes students to answer questions d) the total number of questions answered e) the difference in results between the experimental and control groups
a) the color of the paper
Alpha waves are most closely associated with a) the hypnagogic state b) stage 2 sleep c) stage 3 sleep d) stage 4 sleep e) alertness
a) the hypnagogic state
Beth scores poorly on a standardized test. Later, she reads in an article that the test was normed many years ago using military recruits. Based on the info given, what might Beth be thinking about the test as a result of this article? a) the test could be biased against women b) the content validity of the test is high c) the reliability of the test is low d) the test is an example of an achievement test e) all are equally likely
a) the test could be biased against women
A projective test with ambiguous pictures that are frequently used to assess achievement motivation is the a) thematic apperception test b) rorsbach inkblot test c) WAIS-R d) MMPI-2 e) stanford binet
a) thematic apperception test
Which theory of emotion focuses on high and low arousal and whether an emotion is pleasant or unpleasant? a) two-dimension theory b) james-lange c) two-factor theory d) opponent-process theory e) cannon-bard
a) two-dimension theory
Which of the following lists of gestational stages is in the correct order? a) zygote-embryo-fetus b) embryo-zygote-fetus c) fetus-embryo-zygote d) zygote-fetus-embryo e) fetus-zygote-embryo
a) zygote-embryo-fetus
Which of the following explanations of why a 17-year old drives his car at or below the speed limit best illustrates Kohlberg's conventional level or morality? a) "I don't want to get any tickets" b) "It's the law" c) "I want my parents to approve of my driving" d) "I don't want to crash my car" e) "With so many people in our society driving cars, I cannot put anyone else or myself in danger by driving at a faster speed than the number of cars, roads, and weather conditions permit"
b) "It's the law"
The scores of Brian's team on the quiz were: 8, 6, 9, 7, 10, 9, 5, 4, 9. The median of the team's scores is a) 9 b) 8 c) 7.5 d) 7 e) 6
b) 8
Implications of Harlow's study (of baby monkeys reared by artificial mothers) for humans include which of the following) I. providing breast milk is the key to developing an attachment between the baby and the mother. II. an infant can form an attachment with a nurturing father or other caretaker. III. lack of nursing at the breast leads to maladjustment of a child. a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and II only e) I, II, and III
b) II only
A special diet can prevent the expression of the trait for a) tay-sachs syndrome b) PKU (phenylketonuria) c) Huntington's disease d) down syndrome e) kinefelter's syndrome
b) PKU (phenylketonuria)
A famous character in a Shakespearean play keeps washing her hands to get them clean of blood that is no longer on them. The repeated washing of her hands is a) a delusion b) a compulsion c) a hallucination d) an obsession e) an attribution
b) a compulsion
At which stage of psychosocial development does a person need to exercise will and do things independently? a) trust v mistrust b) autonomy v shame and doubt c) initiative v guilt d) identity v role confusion e) intimacy v isolation
b) autonomy v shame and doubt
Paul is upset after taking an exam because his professor had told him to study chapter 5, but the test actually covered chapter 6. His complaint concerns which aspect of this exam? a) split-half reliability b) content validity c) criterion validity d) predictive validity e) test-retest reliability
b) content validity
Michelle watches David Letterman on television, but doesn't recognize him when she walks past him in Manhattan. Which effect on perception does this best illustrate? a) convergence b) context c) proximity d) closure e) monocular cues
b) context
Some patients who suffer from severe epilepsy have not responded to other treatments, but they have found relief through a radical surgery in which the doctor surgically cuts the a) hippocampus b) corpus callosum c) medulla d) motor cortex e) amygdala
b) corpus callosum
Which of the following are included in the peripheral nervous system? a) brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves b) cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia c) spinach cord, spinal nerves, sense organs d) medulla, pons, thalamus e) amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus
b) cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia
Which is likely to increase as a normal, healthy individual ages from 25 to 75 years of age? a) visual acuity b) crystallized intelligence c) ability to reason speedily d) fluid intelligence e) intelligence quotient
b) crystallized intelligence
During WWII, millions of jews and other minorities were slaughtered because they were blamed for the financial and social problems of Germany. Such scapegoating illustrates a) sour grapes rationalization b) displacement c) sweet lemons rationalization d) projection e) reaction formation
b) displacement
Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with both Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia? a) acetylcholine b) dopamine c) serotonin d) endorphins e) GABA
b) dopamine
What process best explains how the participation of seemingly good-natured soldiers or police officers in the torture of prisoners? a) transference b) entrapment c) situational attribution d) dispositional attribution e) self-serving bias
b) entrapment
Which of the following is best associated with the concept of basic trust formation in children? a) piaget b) erikson c) bandura d) kohlberg e) skinner
b) erikson
As the time for the AP Psychology exam approached, several students in the class who had not been doing homework or attending classes earlier in the term became more concerned about studying and attending regularly. Their motivation seems to be a) instrinsic b) extrinsic c) instinctive d) pessimistic e) homeostatic
b) extrinsic
Infants often demonstrate recognition when they're exposed to photos of their mothers, not just to their mothers' sound and smell. Which of these best explains this phenomenon? a) parallel processing b) feature detectors c) perceptual adaptation d) depth perception e) visual capture
b) feature detectors
Species-specific behaviors that cannot be explained as a result of social learning or conditioning, such as Monarch butterflies flying to Mexico to mate, are called a) motives b) fixed-action patterns c) schemas d) imprinting e) reflexes
b) fixed-action patterns
After sending a decal to display on a window and greeting cards with its logo, a charity sent the same people envelopes requesting contributions. Many people send contributions. The charity is using a technique known as a) overcompensation b) foot-in-the-door phenomenon c) the bystander effect d) proximity e) in-group bias
b) foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Patty Hearst experienced this form of brainwashing, which is sometimes called the Stockholm syndrome, when she was kidnapped by SLA in the 1970s. What is this phenomenon called? a) transference b) foot-in-the-door-phenomenon c) self-serving bias d) bystander effect e) cognitive dissonance
b) foot-in-the-door-phenomenon
Jordan has experienced significant problems keeping a job and maintaining relationships. A therapist tells him she wants to explore his unconscious by having Jordan relax and talk about whatever comes to his mind, no matter how unimportant it might seem. Which of these best describes the therapist's technique? a) interpretation b) free association c) systematic desensitization d) active listening e) cognitive therapy
b) free association
Emily forgot her pillow when she went camping, so she complained about having to sleep with her head flat the whole night. Her failure to fold up her jeans and sweater to use as a pillow substitute best illustrates the effects of a) availability heuristic b) functional fixedness c) confirmation bias d) the representativeness heuristic e) belief perseverance
b) functional fixedness
Carla has a fear of snakes. While cleaning her garage, she mistakes a piece of rope for a snake. She screams and flees. What classical conditioning term describes why she was afraid of the rope? a) stimulus discrimination b) generalization c) spontaneous recovery d) higher order conditioning e) negative reinforcement
b) generalization
The president of a company brought in an outside consultant to disagree with him about an important decision to be discussed at a meet of his top level executives in order to avoid a) the bystander effect b) groupthink c) social loafing d) the mere exposure effect e) the fundamental attribution error
b) groupthink
U.S presidents often turn to their cabinet for advice. If the president has voiced support for the issue at hand, the advisers often fail to voice criticisms and concerns. Later, when events show that the course of action was unwise. the president might say, "Why did we not force the outcome of this?" the term that best describes what happened to the cabinet is a) assimilation b) groupthink c) accommodation d) generalization e) social facilitation
b) groupthink
major active ingredient in marijuana, THC, would be classified as which of the following? a) stimulant b) hallucinogen c) barbiturate d) depressant e) opiate
b) hallucinogen
Douglas has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Which of these best describes his behavior? a) he displays a rigid, maladaptive personality pattern that causes him not to get along with others b) he has intense unstable relationships and fears abandonment c) he lies, steals, manipulates others, and shows a lack of guilt d) he has an exaggerated sense of self importance and self absorption e) he displays delusional behavior associated with hallucinations
b) he has intense unstable relationships and fears abandonment
Kyndall is concerned about her grade in her psychology, since she earned a zero on a required assignment. Assuming her other grades are all As and Bs, which of the following best describes the impact that her zero will have on her class average? a) her range of scores will be restricted b) her zero grade might skew her average c) the zero grade will be the mode score d) her median score and her mean score should be the same e) none of these can be inferred
b) her zero grade might skew her average
Which of the following is NOT true about the physical properties of electromagnetic energy? a) wavelength is the distance between successive wake peaks b) hue is determined by light frequency c) longer wavelength light has a lower frequency d) intensity of light is determined by amplitude of the wave e) frequency is the number of complete waves that can pass a point in a given time
b) hue is determined by light frequency
Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true? a) hypnosis is the same as sleep b) hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will c) people who are submissive, gullible, or likely to conform are more likely to be susceptible to hypnotism d) hypnotized people have no memory of the experience e) hypnosis increases the accuracy of memories
b) hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will
Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT paired with a hormone that is produces? a) pineal-melatonin b) hypothalamus-thyroid-stimulating hormone c) thyroid-thyroxine d) adrenals-cortisol e) pancreas-glucagon
b) hypothalamus-thyroid-stimulating hormone
What structure provides internal communication for sensory and motor inputs in the central nervous system? a) cell body b) interneuron c) dendrite d) synaptic cleft e) pituitary gland
b) interneuron
Bobby takes a college admissions test several times, and all of his scores are nearly identical. What does this suggest about the test he has taken? a) it must be very easy b) it appears to have a test-retest reliability c) it must be very hard d) the test needs to be renormed e) the test is out of date
b) it appears to have a test-retest reliability
One obsolete form of psychosurgery involved drilling two holes in the skull and inserting specially designed rods to crush or destroy nerves running from the prefrontal lobes to the rest of the brain in order to reduce the patient's emotional symptoms. This controversial treatment, which is no longer used, is called a) electroconvulsive therapy b) lobotomy c) cingulotomy d) transcranial magnetic stimulation e) rational emotive behavior therapy
b) lobotomy
Janice wants to compare automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate in rats, chimpanzees, and humans. Which portion of the brain should she focus her work on? a) frontal lobe b) medulla c) cerebellum d) hippocampus e) all of the above
b) medulla
Bill is in a psychoanalytic therapy session. The therapist asks him to discuss whatever comes to his mind about an event in his childhood. Bill is hesitant to discuss the event because he is embarrassed. Which of these terms would his therapist use to describe by Bill was hesitant to discuss the event? a) transference b) resistance c) systematic desensitization d) generalization e) assimilation
b) resistance
Evelyn says that the name she is trying to remember is on the tip of her tongue. This is a clear failure of a) storage b) retrieval c) encoding d) rehearsal e) generalization
b) retrieval
After watching cartoons in which characters hit, punch, and kick other characters, nursery school students engage in more aggressive behavior than after watching Barney. This observation best supports a) psychoanalytic theory b) social learning theory c) psychodynamic theory d) humanistic theory e) opponent process theory
b) social learning theory
Tests that have been pre-tested with a sample of the population for whom the test is intended and have a uniform set of instructions and administration procedures are a) valid b) standardized c) reliable d) fair e) predictive
b) standardized
Animation and motion pictures would not appear to be moving if what effect was missing? a) perceptual consistency b) stroboscopic movement c) accommodation d) selective attention e) size consistency
b) stroboscopic movement
A classically conditioned response can best be eliminated by the presentation of a) the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus b) the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus c) a neutral stimulus d) conditioned stimulus a few seconds before the unconditioned stimulus e) unconditioned response
b) the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
Today, it's unlikely that a psychologist could condition a baby to fear a rat and other small animals in a research study at a university because a) no parent would permit a child to participate in such a study b) the study violates ethical guidelines c) babies are too young to fear small animals d) conditioning. experiments are no longer done e) fear of animals. is inborn
b) the study violates ethical guidelines
The primary reason why we cannot taste sand or smell platinum is that a) they are not chemicals b) they are not soluble in water c) they are poisonous d) they have no nutritional value e) the thresholds for tasting sand and selling platinum are higher for humans than for amphibians and reptiles
b) they are not soluble in water
Today Susan took a pill for her allergy that raised her blood pressure, caused her heart to beat faster, and raised her body temperature. Now caught in traffic, she feels angry. Yesterday when she took the pill, she was with her husband. When her blood pressure rose, her heart speeded up, she got hotter, and she felt amorous. This description exemplifies a) the adaptation-level phenomenon b) two-factor theory c) James-Lange theory d) cannon bard theory e) homeostatic theory
b) two-factor theory
In daylight, objects that reflect all wavelengths of light appear a) black b) white c) dull d) ultraviolet e) infrared
b) white
"Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes," commonly defines psychology. In their definition of psychology, behaviorists would be likely to eliminate I. science II. behavior III. mental processes a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and III only e) I, II, and III
c) III only
Which of the following scans can image brain function? I. CAT II. MRI III. PET a) I only b) II only c) III only d) II and III only e) I, II, and III
c) III only
When a 17-year-old student is failing at school, which society would most likely hold the parents accountable? a) United States of America b) Canadian c) Japanese d) English e) German
c) Japanese
What type of test is the advanced placement examination in psychology? a) aptitude b) projective c) achievement d) intelligence e) individual
c) achievement
One of the most feared brain ailments of old age involves the deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine, a condition called a) dementia b) savant syndrome c) alzheimer's d) stroke e) aneurysm
c) alzheimer's
The perceived volume of a tone mainly determined by its a) frequency b) timbre c) amplitude d) overtones e) saturation
c) amplitude
What subtype of schizophrenia often involves immobility or excessive, purposeless movements? a) paranoid b) disorganized c) catatonic d) undifferentiated e) residual
c) catatonic
The focus of structuralists most closely matches the current perspective of a) psychoanalysis b) behaviorists c) cognitivists d) humanists e) evolutionists
c) cognitivists
Javier wants to study the effects on achievement of taking a course in chemistry in the afternoon, rather than in the morning. A teacher has chemistry classes with the same number of students at 8:30 A.M. and 1:00 P.M., and volunteers to participate with her classes. A major problem in this study would be a) poor replication b) lack of a hypothesis c) confounding variables d) difficulty in obtaining informed consent e) the placebo effect
c) confounding variables
Marcy first pours liquid into a tall, skinny cup. She then pours the same volume of liquid into a wide, short cup. When Marcy asks a young child which cup has more liquid, the child is unable to see that the volume of the liquid has remained the same even though the shape of the cup has changed. This child is in the preoperational stage and has not yet mastered the concept of a) egocentrism b) object permanence c) conservation of matter d) generalization e) maturation
c) conservation of matter
in the rock opera Tommy, Tommy becomes deaf and blind after witnessing a terrible murder, although there is nothing organically wrong with his ears or eyes, Tommy is suffering from a) panic disorder b) post-traumatic stress disorder c) conversion disorder d) obsessive compulsive disorder e) hypochondriasis
c) conversion disorder
An investigator interested in the relationship between time of year and the rate of suicides in a particular area would probably use the technique of a) simple observation b) experimentalism c) correlation d) case study e) ethnography
c) correlation
Irrelevant thoughts that provide stimulation when your interest is flagging, letting you experience positive emotions, are a) nonconscious b) unconscious c) daydreams d) delusions e) circadian
c) daydreams
Wilma disappears without a trace for several months after experiencing extreme stress. One year later, she is found living in another state with a new identity. When questioned by the police, Wilma had no memory beyond one previous year. No physical or drug explanation exists for this memory loss. WHat condition does Wilma seem to have? a) seasonal affective disorder b) dissociative identity disorder c) dissociative figure d) narcissistic personality disorder e) bipolar disorder
c) dissociative figure
The processing of information into the memory system by means of extracting meaning is called a) storage b) retrieval c) encoding d) rehearsal e) generalization
c) encoding
Frank dislikes his job, but he always works hard because he enjoys the prestige and salary associated with his position. What best explains his behavior? a) frank has experienced intrinsic motivation b) frank has been classically conditioned through acquisition c) frank has experienced extrinsic motivation d) frank has experienced a secondary punisher e) frank is being reinforced via a variable-generalization schedule of reinforcement
c) frank has experienced extrinsic motivation
during cooperative learning, all of the students in group A initially were opposed to the death penalty, whereas two of the students in group B were opposed to the death penalty and two were in favor of the death penalty. According to research, after an intense discussion within each group about capital punishment, we would expect a) both groups would moderate their positions b) group A would moderate their positions, but group B would retain their original positions c) group A would become more firmly entrenched, while group B members would moderate their positions d) group A would retain their original positions, but group B would moderate their positions e) both groups would have every member more firmly entrenched in their positions
c) group A, would become more firmly entrenched, while group B members would moderate their positions
Which of the following perspectives is most concerned with self-esteem and actualizing one's potential? a) behavioral b) cognitive c) humanistic d) psychodynamic e) sociocultural
c) humanistic
Which approach emphasizes that therapists can effectively help their clients by offering unconditional positive regard? a) Gestalt therapy b) cognitive therapy c) humanistic therapy d) behavior modification e) psychoanalysis
c) humanistic therapy
A severely overweight rat would most likely result from lesioning of the a) hippocampus b) thalamus c) hypothalamus d) amygdala e) pineal gland
c) hypothalamus
Behavioral therapy typically alters the patterns of responding of clients by a) helping patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences b) vigorously challenging clients' illogical ways of thinking c) influencing patients by controlling the consequences of their actions d) repeating or rephrasing what a client says during the course of therapy e) focusing attention on clients' positive and negative feelings toward their therapists
c) influencing patients by controlling the consequences of their actions
Because of road construction, Farley must take a new, unfamiliar route home. Without any obvious reinforcement, she finds her way home. Which of these terms best explains her success? a) observational learning b) social cognitive learning c) latent learning d) extinction e) generalization
c) latent learning
Of the following, which is characteristic of formal operational thinking? a) simple motor responses to sensory stimuli b) capacity to deal well with concrete objects, but not hypothetical situations c) logical reasoning and systematic planning d) magical thinking and egocentrism e) failure to understand reversibility
c) logical reasoning and systematic planning
The intelligence quotient is defined as the a) chronological age/mental age x 100 b) performance score/verbal score x 100 c) mental age/chronological age x 100 d) verbal score/performance score x 100 e) range/standard deviation x 100
c) mental age/chronological age x 100
Which of the following best exemplifies sensory adaptation? a) enjoying a song the more you hear it b) responding immediately every time the fire alarm is sounded c) not realizing how cold the pool is after you are under water for a few minutes d) relying heavily on your hearing when you are walking down a dark corridor e) not knowing what other people at a cocktail party are saying while you are attending one convo
c) not realizing how cold the pool is after you are underwater for a few minutes
An evolutionary psychologist would agree with all of the following statements EXCEPT a) anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors' genes b) certain basic brain structures, such as the medulla, have roots in our biological past c) nurture is more important than nature in terms of shaping human behavior d) in general, males prefer attractive physical features in women, and women prefer men with resources and social status e) the prevalence of phobias of spiders, snakes, and heights over fears of gunshots and car accidents demonstrates a genetic predisposition
c) nurture is more important than nature in terms of shaping human behavior
What portion of the brain includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual field? a) frontal lobe b) parietal lobe c) occipital lobe d) medulla e) cerbellum
c) occipital lobe
A disorder characterized by delusions of persecution, hallucinations, and disordered thinking is a) anorexia nervosa b) conversion disorder c) paranoid schizophrenia d) hypochondriasis e) organic mental disorder
c) paranoid schizophrenia
The tragic case of Phineas Gage demonstrates the role of what part of the brain in personality? a) occipital lobe b) medulla c) prefrontal cortex d) cerebellum e) hippocampus
c) prefrontal cortex
People often construct a mental image of the best model of a concept or category. This image is called a(n) a) cognition b) concept c) prototype d) heuristic e) insight
c) prototype
Ben wants to design a study concerning the effects of violent children's television shows on violent behaviors in children. To ensure the differences among participants are evenly distributed between the control and experimental groups, what should Ben do? a) place the most aggressive children in the experimental group b) place the most aggressive children in the control group c) randomly assign children to both groups d) place the most passive children in the experimental group e) place the most passive children in the control group
c) randomly assign children to both groups
According to Adler, firstborn children are more likely than subsequent children in a family to be a) sociable b) funny c) responsible d) followers e) liberal
c) responsible
Wilder Penfield's studies suggest that some long lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the brain. This suggests that getting may be a matter of a) displacement b) gradual decay c) retrieval failure d) failure to encode the memories e) unconscious wishes to forget
c) retrieval failure
According to Abraham Maslow, esteem needs must at least be partially met before one is prompted to satisfy a) belongingness needs b) physiological needs c) self actualization needs d) love needs e) safety needs
c) self actualization needs
Dieters often have difficulty losing additional weight after reaching a specific plateau because their bodies function at a lowered metabolic rate according to a) VMH theory b) opponent process theory c) set point theory d) the law of effect e) drive reduction theory
c) set point theory
Kelly believes that the best way to study is to stay up all night just before a test. Ashley studies one to two hours a day for one week before the same test. Assuming that both Kelly and Ashley have the same level of intelligence and motivation and that they study for the same number of hours for the test, what idea explains why Ashley is likely to score better on the test than Kelly? a) serial position effect b) semantic encoding c) spacing effect d) chunking effect e) rehearsal
c) spacing effect
When Jared saw shadows of people on the walls of his bedroom, his blood pressure increased and his breathing rate sped up. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his a) sensorimotor system b) somatic nervous system c) sympathetic nervous system d) pineal gland e) parasympathetic nervous system,
c) sympathetic nervous system
Lily is concerned for the health of her unborn child because she was exposed to possibly dangerous chemicals at work. What specifically is she concerned about a) imprinting b) reuptake c) teratogens d) dermatogens e) lesions
c) teratogens
Mike's professor has assigned him the endocrine system as a research topic. Which of these structures should he NOT include in his report? a) ovaries b) pineal gland c) thalamus d) parathyroids e) testes
c) thalamus
Maria, a bright high school student, fears success. To which of the following colleges would she most likely apply? a) Harvard, Stanford, and the local community college b) Stanford, Oxford, and the most competitive state college in her state c) the local community college and distant community colleges d) Harvard, Yale, and Stanford e) the most competitive state college in her state and other states
c) the local community college and distant community colleges
What happens to excess neurotransmitters that are released by the vesicles in the sending neuron? a) they are absorbed by the receptor sites on the receiving neuron b) they become agonists that mimic a particular neurotransmitter c) through a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron d) they remain in the synaptic cleft until the next action potential arrives e) the sending neuron never sends excess neurotransmitters
c) through a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron
Why do neurons in the brain often cluster together to form neural networks? a) to better provide simple automatic responses to sensory stimuli b) to release endorphins c) to strengthen connections that produce a given output in response to a given pattern of inputs d) to produce lesions on the brain e) to allow the limbic system to regulate the prefontal cortex
c) to strengthen connections that produce a given output in response to a given pattern of inputs
What perspective of personality focuses on biologically influenced dispositions such as introversion or extroversion? a) psychodynamic b) psychoanalytic c) trait d) humanistic e) social-cognitive
c) trait
Functionally, receptors in the retina of the eye differ most from receptors in the cochlea of the ear in the a) magnitude of the resting potentials of their membranes b) ions involved in their action potentials c) types of energy they transduce d) number of axons each cells possesses e) ability to reproduce
c) types of energy they transduce
As a result of an accident, Abdul lost sight in his right eye. To judge the distance of vehicles when he is driving, Abdul is able to rely on cues of I. accommodation II. relative size III. retinal disparity a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and II only e) I, II, and III
d) I and II only
What figure is most associated with operant conditioning as well as the creator of a device known as an operant box? a) Bandura b) Pavlov c) Watson d) Skinner e) Freud
d) Skinner
Karen had agreed to participate in a research study. She is interviewed in great detail, her friends and family are interviewed, and the researcher observes her over the course of several months. This is an example of a) a survey b) hypothesis testing c) correlational research d) a case study e) clinical experimentation
d) a case study
In an experiment the hypothesis is a) a statement of the findings b) a statement based on extrinsic facts c) a statement that is proven true d) a statement of the expected results e) rarely postulated prior to obtaining the results
d) a statement of the expected results
Some groups of gang members wear head coverings and sunglasses when they assault people. The use of such disguises contributes to a) social loafing b) cognitive dissonance c) learned helplessness d) deindividuation e) the fundamental attribution error
d) deindividuation
Vic, a normally peaceful person, gets involved in a large fight at a ball game. When questioned by the police, he states that he was just going along with the crowd. Which of these did Vic experience? a) normative social influence b) foot-in-the-door phenomenon c) self serving bias d) deindividuation e) cognitive dissonance
d) deindividuation
Which of the following is NOT true about the normal sleep cycle? a) as the night goes on, people enter stage 4 sleep less and less b) REM sleep periods get longer as the night goes on c) sleep spindles normally occur only in stage 2 sleep d) delta waves are only observed in stage 1 sleep e) REM sleep is also known as paradoxical sleep
d) delta waves are only observed in stage 1 sleep
According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, the first reaction of a person faced with terminal illness is a) acceptance b) anger c) bargaining d) denial e) depression
d) denial
all of the following correctly describe the process of the action potential EXCEPT a) the neuron fires an impulse when it receives signals from sense receptors b) during the refractory period, the neuron pumps positively charged ions back outside the axon c) when the action potential reaches an axon terminal, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters d) electrical impulses travel from one neuron to another across the cerebral gap e) the fluid filled interior of a resting axon is full of negatively charged ions
d) electrical impulses travel from one neuron to another across the cerebral gap
Sandy wants to know how a person's perceived job satisfaction is affected by how often he or she receives a paycheck. She studies teachers who are paid a set salary once a month. Which reinforcement schedule applies to this situation? a) continuous b) variable interval c) fixed ratio d) fixed interval e) variable ratio
d) fixed interval
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT a) auditory hallucinations b) visual hallucinations c) paranoid delusions d) flat affect e) incoherent speech
d) flat affect
Stan is experiencing unexplained tenseness, uneasiness, apprehension, and a sense that his body is in a continual state of arousal. Which of these would be the diagnosis for Stan? a) panic disorder b) phobic disorder c) obsessive compulsive disorder d) generalized anxiety disorder e) major depressive disorder
d) generalized anxiety disorder
Who would most likely have said, "people are basically good"? a) gestaltist fritz perls b) psychoanalyst sigmund freud c) cognitivist Albert ellis d) humanist carl rogers e) behaviorist BF skinner
d) humanist carl rogers
What perspective of personality assumes that people process conscious feelings about themselves in light of their experiences and needs? a) psychodynamic b) psychoanalytic c) trait d) humanistic e) social-cognitive
d) humanistic
Scott tried to unscramble the letters NEBOTYA for 20 minutes to spell a word, but was not successful. While walking to class, the answer suddenly came to him that the word was BAYONET. This exemplifies a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) law of effect d) insight e) observational learning
d) insight
According to Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis _____. a) we have an innate language acquisition device b) apes do not have language because they don't use proper syntax c) we tend to observe and imitate models d) language determines the way we think e) rewarding good behavior increases its frequency
d) language determines the way we think
Of the following, which provides the most valid and reliable data about individuals as they progress through various stages of development? a) cross sectional studies b) surveys c) transactional analysis d) longitudinal studies e) correlational studies
d) longitudinal studies
David collected data on 15 research participants. Their scores were: 42, 38, 14, 13, 12, 12, 11, 11, 11, 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 9. Which of the following statistics best reflects the central tendency of this data set? a) standiard deviation b) correlation coefficient c) mode d) median e) mean
d) median
Your little cousin watches you at the computer, and when you get up he immediately tries to use the keyboard. His behavior in this situation can best be explained on the basis of a) superstition b) classical conditioning c) discrimination d) modeling e) operant aversive conditioning
d) modeling
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is a a) concept b) word c) phoneme d) morpheme e) grammar
d) morpheme
Receptors that respond to gravity and keep you informed of your body's location in space are located primarily in the a) cochlea of the ear b) macular of the eye c) olfactory mucosa d) muscles and joints of the skeleton e) semicircular canals of the ear
d) muscles and joints of the skeleton
Brenda gets enraged when people criticize her, talks about becoming the first woman president, exaggerates her abilities and talents, takes advantage of classmates, and constantly demands attention in class. When she received a certificate for participating in an essay contest, she told everyone she'd won a prestigious writing award. She most likely would be diagnosed as evidencing a) hypochondriasis b) disorganized schizophrenia c) antisocial personality disorder d) narcissistic personality disorder e) clinical depression
d) narcissistic personality disorder
Which part of the nervous system regulates the flight or fight instinct? a) sympathetic nervous system b) somatic nervous system c) autonomic nervous system d) parasympathetic nervous system e) peripheral nervous system
d) parasympathetic nervous system
Harold enjoys very active sports, such as mountain climbing and bungee jumping. What idea suggests that his behavior is determined by the interaction of his personality and environmental factors? a) learned helplessness b) personal control c) internal locus of control d) reciprocal determinism e) external locus of control
d) reciprocal determinism
A person who scores very low on a general intelligence test but displays an unbelievable capacity to carry out one specific skill, such as computation or drawing, might be said to have a) high creativity b) down syndrome c) fetal alcohol syndrome d) savant syndrome e) mental retardation
d) savant syndrome
Although Andy wanted to cut class to get to the Yankee opener, he came to class to take a quiz and review for an exam. According to Freud, this behavior evidences a strong a) egocentricity b) super id c) id d) superego e) libido
d) superego
After collecting and analyzing the responses of 2,000 randomly selected study participants, Adeel finds that college juniors who work at paying jobs 15 hours a week get higher grades than juniors who don't have paying jobs or who work full time. Which of the following research methods did Adeel use? a) experimental b) naturalistic observation c) case study d) survey e) quasi experimental
d) survey
The single blind procedure would be most likely to minimize what on the part of the participants? a) random assignment b) replication c) observational definitions d) the placebo effect e) standard deviations
d) the placebo effect
All of the following are consistent with opponent-process theory EXCEPT a) opposing retinal processes make possible color vision b) some cells in the retina are stimulated by one color and inhibited by another c) visual impulses are relayed to the visual cortex via the thalamus d) the retina contains three different color receptors e) opponent process explains the effect of afterimages
d) the retina contains three different color receptors
Which of the following correctly traces the path of sound waves when they enter the ear? a) tympanic membrane-cochlea-ossicles-auditory cortex-auditory nerve b) cochlea-tympanic membrane-ossicles-auditory nerve-auditory cortex c) ossicles-tympanic membrane-cochlea-auditory cortex-auditory nerve d) tympanic membrane-ossicles-cochlea-auditory nerve-auditory cortex e) tympanic membrane-ossicles-fovea-auditory nerve-auditory cortex
d) tympanic membrane-ossicles-cochlea-auditory nerve-auditory cortex
"Get cookie," best exemplifies a) babbling b) cooing c) holophrases d). telegraphic speech e) mental set
d). telegraphic speech
A recent comparison of the intelligence scores of Asian Americans and African Americans on the Stanford-Binet showed that I. the mean score for Asian Americans was higher than for African Americans II. some African Americans scored higher than the average Asian Americans III. some Asian Americans scored lower than the average African Americans a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and II only e) I, II, and III
e) I, II, and III
Dr. Ramchandran found that his patients who brushed their teeth after lunch had 1/20 the number of cavities in their teeth as those who didn't. After interviewing the dentist, a local newswriter reports that brushing teeth after lunch prevents cavities. Based on the dentist's research, which of the following statements is true? a) if at least 100 patients were studied, the writer's statement is justified. b) if a minimum of 500 patients were studied, the writer's statement is justified. c) at least 100 of the patients needed to have brushed their teeth after lunch for the writer's statement to be justified. d) Dr. Ramchandran's study needs to be replicated for the writer's statement to be justified. e) No matter how many participants, the writer's statement is not justified.
e) No matter how many participants, the writer's statement is not justified.
Who is associated with the famous "little albert" research of the 1920s? a) Skinner b) Bandura c) Pavlov d) Freud e) Watson
e) Watson
The bystander effect is less likely to occur when which of the following is true? a) a person is not in a hurry b) a person is in a small town or rural area c) a person experiences guilt d) a person is in a good mood e) all are true
e) all are true
Which of the following is a basic component of language structure? a) morphemes b) phonemes c) grammar d) syntax e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Cognitivists claim that classical conditioning results from a) an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response b) an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus c) an association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response d) an association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response e) an expectation of what is coming following the conditioned stimulus
e) an expectation of what is coming following the conditioned stimulus
In psychology, "behavior" is best defined as a) anything a person sees, does, or feels b) any action an observer perceives as important c) any action, whether observable or not d) anything we can infer from a person's actions e) any action we can observe and record
e) any action we can observe and record
Sonny is seeking treatment for alcoholism. He goes to a therapist who suggests putting a colorless, odorless substance in the alcohol he drinks that will induce nausea and vomiting. Which of the following techniques is the therapist using? a) systematic desensitization b) resistance c) assimilation d) generalization e) aversive conditioning
e) aversive conditioning
Twins that are genetically identical are known as a) fraternal twins b) dyzygotic twins c) maternal twins d) monozygotic twins e) both C and D
e) both C and D
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides information about all of the following EXCEPT a) names of mental disorders b) categorization of all mental disorders c) primary symptoms of all mental disorders d) secondary symptoms of all mental disorders e) causes of all mental disorders
e) causes of all mental disorders
Jim has been labeled a poor student by his teachers, who hesitated to call his parents for fear of being proved wrong. Jim's parents said they might believe the teachers if Jim continued to perform poorly on exams. Although Jim does well on exams about half the time, his teachers report that he is still performing badly. Their tendency to remember his poor scores instead of his good scores is called a) belief persistence b) belief bias c) overconfidence d) generalization e) confirmation bias
e) confirmation bias
Although Jen is a very bright four-year-old, she doesn't think her mother's sister has any sisters. This lack of ability reflects a) conservation b) introspection c) transposition d) magical thinking e) egocentrism
e) egocentrism
What field of psychology emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes? a) perceptualism b) structuralism c) functionalism d) integrationism e) gestalt
e) gestalt
At which stage of psychosocial development does a person work to form close relationships or feel socially isolated? a) integrity v despair b) autonomy v shame and doubt c) initiative v guilt d) identity v role confusion e) intimacy v isolation
e) intimacy v isolation
Loss of the ability to understand language results from loss of tissue in which of the following lobes? a) right frontal b) right temporal c) right parietal d) left frontal e) left temporal
e) left temporal
Which psychoactive drugs are most frequently prescribed to relieve pain? a) stimulants b) depressants c) antidepressants d) antipsychotics e) narcotics
e) narcotics
What classic projective testing method requires subjects to interpret various inkblots, thereby revealing their inner feelings? a) MMPI b) TAT c) Stanford-Binet d) Myers-Briggs e) none of the above
e) none of the above
What aspect of a person is responsible for distorting logical reasoning and confusing his or her conclusions, thus leading to belief base? a) ego b) motivation c) overconfidence d) belief perseverance e) preexisting beliefs
e) preexisting beliefs
Which of the following LEAST influences sexual behavior? a) hypothalamus b) pituitary c) gonads d) cerebral cortex e) reticular formation
e) reticular formation
The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of a) depression b) anxiety disorders c) neurotransmitters d) genetic abnormalities e) social circumstances
e) social circumstances
The type of psychological research most vulnerable to the effects of wording is a) naturalistic observation b) case study c) correlation d) statistical significance e) survey
e) survey
Nat' s therapist tells him to relax, close his eyes, and breathe slowly whenever he begins to experience fear associated w being in an enclosed space. The therapist is using a technique that is central to a) person-centered therapy b) psychoanalysis c) rational-emotive therapy d) Gestalt therapy e) systematic desensitization
e) systematic desensitization
Which of the following contributes most directly to people's exaggerated perceptions of the likelihood of air travel disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence? a) belief perseverance b) the framing effect c) overconfidence d) the representativeness heuristic e) the availability heuristic
e) the availability heuristic
Stephanie seems to continually experience a variety of physical symptoms ranging from headaches to vague body and joint pains. Medical examinations fail to reveal any physical cause for these pains. What would be an appropriate diagnosis for Stephanie? a) post traumatic stress disorder b) hypochondriasis c) obsessive compulsive disorder d) generalized anxiety disorder e) phobic disorder
hypochondriasis
