Psych Final
Pick's disease
Affects frontal and temporal lobes of brain. A rare neurological disorder that results in presenile dementia
Dual diagnosis
Coexisting medical illness and substance abuse. Many healthcare settings have groups to help with those sugaring from dual diagnosis
Sexual Masochism
Consenting partners for sadists may be sexual masochists. Sexual masochism involves the achievement of sexual satisfaction by being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. Sexual masochistic practices are more common among men than among women. In either case, participants tend to know this is a "game," and actual humiliation or pain is avoided.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Characterized by severe anxiety or fear provoked by exposure to a social or a performance situation that could be evaluated negatively by others. Situations that trigger this distress include fear of saying something that sounds foolish in public, not being able to answer questions in a classroom, looking awkward while eating or drinking in public, and performing badly on stage. Whenever possible, people will avoid social situation. If they are unable to avoid them, they endure the situation with intense anxiety and emotional distress.
Substance Induced Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by symptoms of anxiety, panic attacks, obsessions, and compulsions that develop with the use of a substance.
Psychotic Depression
not really having schizophrenia, but have psychosis due to a tragedy that occurred. It usually goes away once depression is treated.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
(Hypochondriasis) Characterized by extreme worry and fear about the possibility of having a disease. This worry leads to frequent scanning of the body for signs of illness. Actual symptoms or complaints of symptoms are mild or absent. A. Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness. B. Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are only mild in intensity. If another medical condition is present or there is a high risk for developing a medical condition (e.g., strong family history is present), the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate. C. There is a high level of anxiety about health, and the individual is easily alarmed about personal health status. D. The individual performs excessive health-related behaviors (e.g., repeatedly checks his or her body for signs of illness) or exhibits maladaptive avoidance (e.g., avoids doctor appointments and hospitals). E. Illness preoccupation has been present for at least 6 months, but the specific illness that is feared may change over that period of time. F. The illness-related preoccupation is not better explained by another mental disorder such as somatic symptom disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or delusional disorder, somatic type
Factitious Disorder
(Munchausen Syndrome) Consciously pretend to be ill to get emotional needs met and attain the status of patient
Anxiety Levels
1. Mild - occurs in the normal experience of everyday living and allows an individual to perceive reality in sharp focus. A person experiencing this level of anxiety can see, hear, and grasp more information, and problem solving becomes more effective. Symptoms may include slight discomfort, restlessness, irritability, or tension-relieving behaviors. 2. Moderate - As anxiety increases, the perceptual field narrows, and some details are excluded from observation. The person experiencing it can see, hear, and grasp less information and may demonstrate selective inattention, in which only certain things in the environment are seen or heard unless they are pointed out. The ability to think clearly is hampered, but learning and problem solving can still take place although not at an optimal level. Symptoms are tension, pounding heart, increased pulse and respirations, perspiration, and mild somatic symptoms. 3. Severe - The perceptual field of a person experiencing severe anxiety is greatly reduced. A person may focus on one particular detail or many scattered details and have difficulty noticing what is going on in the environment, even when another points it out. Learning and problem solving are not possible at this level, and the person may be dazed and confused. Somatic symptoms often increase; trembling and pounding heart are common, and the person may experience hyperventilation and a sense of impending doom or dread. 4. Panic - This is the most extreme level of anxiety and results in markedly dysregulated behavior. Someone in a state of panic is unable to process what is going on in the environment and may lose touch with reality. The behavior that results may be manifested as pacing, running, shouting, screaming, or withdrawal. Behavior may be erratic, uncoordinated, and impulsive. Hallucinations may be experienced.
Malingering
A consciously motivated act of fabricating an illness or exaggerating symptoms. This is done for secondary gain to become eligible for such things as disability compensation, committing fraud against insurance companies, obtaining prescription medication, evading military service, or receiving a reduced prison sentence. Reported pains are vague and hard to prove/disprove.
Psychological dependence
A craving for some type of substance. Waiting to get to do their desired substance again
Huntington's disease
A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.
Dysthymia
A mild form of depression. Think of Eeyore from Winnie the Pooh. Not really suicidal, but have a chronic low level mood. Decreased self-esteem, social withdrawal. Needs to last for at least 2 years in order to be diagnosed.
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. Serotonin disturbances lead to issues in sleep, appetite issues, low sex drive, poor impulse controls and irritability
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. plays a role in stress regulation. Can be overtaxed through stressful events, which means it can deplete from overuse. Helps with your memory
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal. Works with GABA as a happy pill, relieves a lack in pleasure.
Substance Use Disorder
A pathological use of a substance that leads to a disorder of use. Symptoms fall into four major groupings: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and physical effects
Addiction
A primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry.
Catatonic Depression
A rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. The patient is mute, immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements
Withdrawal
A set of physiological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance. Withdrawal is specific to the substance being used, and each substance will have its own characteristic syndrome.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
A. People with heavy use of alcohol for many years may suffer from short-term memory disturbances. One memory-reducing problem is Wernicke's encephalopathy, which is an acute and reversible condition. Wernicke's syndrome causes confusion and short-term memory issues. Another problem is Korsakoff's syndrome, a chronic condition with a recovery rate of only 20%. These two problems are linked by a thiamine deficiency, which may be caused by poor nutrition that many substances abusers tend to have. Symptoms are altered gait, vestibular dysfunction, confusion, and several ocular motility abnormalities.
Anergia
Abnormal lack in energy
GABA
An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Voyeurism
Another illegal activity that begins in adolescence or early adulthood. Characterized by seeking sexual arousal through viewing, usually secretly, other people in intimate situations
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
At the pathological end of the continuum is obsessive-compulsive disorder, with symptoms that occur on a daily basis and may involve issues of sexuality, violence, contamination, illness, or death. Pathological obsessions or compulsions cause marked distress to individuals who often feel humiliation and shame regarding these behaviors.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Characterized by a focus on somatic (physical) symptoms, such as pain or fatigue, to the point of excessive concern, preoccupation, and fear. Patients' suffering is authentic and they typically experience a high level of functional impairment. A. One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. B. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following: 1. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one's symptoms. 2. Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms. 3. Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns. C. Although any one somatic symptom may not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 months).
Narcisssistic Personality Disorder
Characterized by feelings of entitlement, an exaggerated belief in one's own importance, and a lack of empathy. In reality, people with this disorder suffer from a weak self-esteem and hypersensitivity to criticism. Associated with less impairment in individual functioning and quality of life than the other personality-based disorders. Nursing care: Nurses should remain neutral and recognize the source of narcissistic behavior—shame and fear of abandonment. Use the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship as an opportunity to practice how to engage in meaningful interaction. Avoid engaging in power struggles or becoming defensive in response to the patient's disparaging remarks. Role model empathy.
Obsessive Personality Disorder
Characterized by limited emotional expression, stubbornness, perseverance, and indecisiveness. Preoccupation with rules, orderliness, perfectionism, and control are the hallmarks of this disorder. Nursing care: Nurses should guard against power struggles with these patients as their need for control is very high. Patients with this disorder have difficulty dealing with unexpected changes. Provide structure, yet allow patients extra time to complete habitual behavior. Assist patients to identify ineffective coping and to develop effective coping techniques.
Addiction
Develops when the neurons adapt to exposure of the drug and only function normally in the presence of the drug. Many of the heroin or morphine withdrawal symptoms are generated when the opiate receptors in the thalamus and brainstem are deprived of morphine. Withdrawal can be very serious and the abuser will use the drug again to avoid the symptoms.
Dependent Personality Disorder
Difficultly making daily decisions, want others to make all decisions for them. Submissive, alone, helpless. Characterized by a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an overwhelming need to be cared for. This need results in intense fears of separation. Nursing care: Nurses can help the patient identify and address current stressors. Be aware that strong countertransference may develop because of patient's demands for extra time and crisis states. The therapeutic nurse-patient relationship can provide a testing ground for increased assertiveness through role modeling and teaching of assertive skills
Hoarding Disorder
For individuals that have hoarding disorder, purging of material items is extremely distressing. In fact, the accumulation of belongings that may have little to no value prevents some people from leading normal lives. Belongings literally fill every available surface area in their residences, and guests can no longer visit. The problem may progress to where the home is uninhabitable due to unsafe and unsanitary conditions.
Vascular Dementia
Form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain
Trichotillomania and Excoriation
Hair pulling and skin picking disorder. Two distressing problems that may result in varying degrees of disability, social stigma, and altered appearance. Both of these activities are irresistible to the individual who typically tries to hide the activity.
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood. This modulates attention and behavior. It is stimulated by stressful situations, which may result in overuse and a deficiency of norepinephrine. A deficiency can result in apathy, reduced responsiveness, or slowed psychomotor activity.
Depersonalization Disorder
In depersonalization, the focus is on oneself. The person may feel uncomfortable being an observer of one's own body or mental process. Some people suffer episodes of this problem that come and go while other have episodes that begin with stressors and eventually become constant. Patients describe these experiences as very distressing
Bipolar II Disorder
Individuals with bipolar II disorder have experienced at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. Hypomania refers to a low-level and less dramatic mania. The hypomania of bipolar II disorder tends to be euphoric and often increases functioning. Like mania, hypomania is accompanied by excessive activity and energy for at least 4 days
Intellectual Development
Intellectual disability is characterized by deficits in three areas: • Intellectual functioning. Deficits in reasoning, problem solving, planning, judgment, abstract thinking, and academic ability. • Social functioning. Impaired communication and language, interpreting and acting on social cues, and regulating emotions. • Daily functioning. Practical aspects of daily life are impacted by a deficit in managing age-appropriate activities of daily living, functioning at school or work, and performing self-care.
Synergistic effect
Intensification and prolongation of severe effects of substances when they are taken together
Conversion Disorder
Manifests itself as neurological symptoms in the absence of a neurological diagnosis. Marked by the presence of deficits in voluntary motor or sensory functions including paralysis, blindness, movement disorder, gait disorder, numbness, paresthesia, loss of vision/hearing, or episodes of epilepsy. La Belle Indifference usually follows diagnosis.
Dissociative Amnesia
Marked by the inability to recall important personal information often of a traumatic or stressful nature. Can be localized or selective.
Obsessions and Compulsions
Obsessions - thoughts, impulses, or images that persist and recur so that they cannot be dismissed from the mind even though the individual attempts to do so. Obsessions often seem senseless to the individual who experiences them, and their presence causes severe anxiety. Compulsions - Ritualistic behaviors an individual feels driven to perform in an attempt to reduce anxiety or prevent an imagined calamity. Performing the compulsive act temporarily reduces anxiety, but because the relief is only temporary, the compulsive act must be repeated again and again.
Hallucinations
Occur when a person perceives a sensory experience for which no external stimulus exists. Types of hallucination include auditory (hearing voices or sounds), visual (seeing people or things), olfactory (smelling odors), gustatory (experiencing tastes) and tactile (feeling bodily sensations). One of the most common forms is auditory, which occurs in more than 60% of people with schizophrenia. These could be vague sounds or clear voices. Some ways to intervene when a patient is experiencing hallucinations is to help the patient distinguish between reality and their hallucination, and to maintain the safety of the patient and the workers.
Tolerance
Occurs when a person no longer responds to the drug in the way that the person initially responded, it takes a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same level of response achieved initially
Dissociative Fugue
Occurs when sudden unexpected travel happens and the person has an inability to recall their identity and information about some or all of the past. In a few weeks, they remember their former identity and then become amnesic for the time spent in the fugue state.
Major Depressive Disorder
One of the most common psychiatric disorders. Characterized by a persistently depressed mood lasting for a minimum of 2 weeks. The length of a depressive episode may be 5 to 6 months. While depression begins with a single occurrence, most people experience recurrent episodes. 5 of the 8 or more of the following symptoms need to be present during the same 2-week period, with at least one either being depressed mood or loss of interest of pleasure. The other symptoms are significant weight loss, insomnia/hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue/loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, diminished ability to think/concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death. Must be accompanied by adhedonia, sleep disturbances, feeling of hopelessness, inability to concentrate, and change in physical activity.
La belle indifference
One of the most striking aspects of conversion disorder is that many patients show a lack of emotional concern about often dramatic symptoms. Despite the calm response, care providers should assume there is an organic cause to the symptoms until physical pathology has been ruled out.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Patients tend to have a normal appearance, yet are preoccupied with an imagined defective body part that results in obsessional thinking and compulsive behavior such as mirror checking and camouflaging. Some may be well aware that their thoughts are distorted, or they may be completely sure about existence of the defect. False assumptions about the importance of appearance, fear of rejection by others, perfectionism, and conviction of being disfigured lead to overwhelming emotions of disgust, shame, and depression
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. Symptoms tend to peak during the late teenage years and into the mid-20s. By around 40 years of age, the symptoms may abate and improve even without treatment. Some classic symptoms are antagonistic behaviors such as being deceitful and manipulative for personal gain or hostile if needs are blocked. The disorder is also characterized by disinhibited behaviors such as high risk taking, disregard for responsibility, and impulsivity. Criminal misconduct and substance misuse are common in this population.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
People with this disorder exhibit developmentally inappropriate levels of concern over being away form a significant other. There may also be fear that something horrible will happen to the other person and that it will result in permanent separation. May cause GI issues, headaches, or sleep disturbances.
Alzheimer's Disease
Progressive, irreversible degeneration of the brain that ultimately results in dementia.
Rape-Trauma Syndrome
Rape-trauma syndrome is defined as "sustained and maladaptive response to a forced, violent sexual penetration against the victim's will and consent"
Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Rare transmissible form of dementia caused by infective proteins called prions (which are also responsible for mad cow disease) reportedly transmitted via corneas & growth hormone obtained from cadavers
Bulimia
Recurrent episodes of uncontrollable binging followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, laxative, diuretics, and exercise. Self-image is largely influenced by their body image.
Binge-eating disorder
Recurrent episodes of uncontrollable binging without compensatory behaviors. Binging episodes induce guilt, depression, embarrassment, or disgust. Goal is to modify behavior to eat an acceptable amount of food.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Refers to a cluster of symptoms that occur in the last week before the onset of a woman's period. PDD causes problems severe enough to interfere with the ability of a woman to work or interact with others. Symptoms include mood swings, irritability, depression, anxiety, feeling overwhelmed, and difficulty concentrating. Could also have symptoms of lack of energy, overeating, hypersomnia/insomnia, breast tenderness, aching, bloating, and weight gain. Symptoms decrease or disappear with the onset of menstruation
Frotteurism
Rubbing or touching a nonconsenting person
Dissociative Identity Disorder
The essential feature is the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of behavior. Each alternate personality has its own pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the self and the environment. It is believed that numerous traumas predispose an individual to develop DID. The primary personality is usually not aware of the alters and is perplexed by the lost time and unexplained events
Anxiety due to Medical Conditions
The individual's symptoms of anxiety are a direct physiological result of a medical condition, such as hyperthyroidism, pulmonary embolism, or cardiac dysrhythmias. To determine whether the anxiety symptoms are due to a medical condition, a careful and comprehensive assessment of multiple factors is necessary.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
The key pathological feature of generalized anxiety disorder is excessive worry. Children, teens, and adults may experience this worry, which is out of proportion to the true impact of events or situations. Common worries in GAD are inadequacy in interpersonal relationships, job responsibilities, finances, and health of family members. Because of this worry, huge amounts of time are spent in preparing for activities.
Borderline Personality Disorder
The major features of this disorder are patterns of marked instability in emotional control or regulation, impulsivity, identity or self-image distortions, unstable mood, and unstable interpersonal relationships. Unstable and have very intense relationship issues. Impulsive. Usually participate in self-mutilation. Feel empty inside so they do this to feel something. Usually not suicidal, but seek attention. Emotionally labile, marked instability. Repeated hospitalizations, but typically not admitted because that is what they are looking for (attention). May get mood stabilizers and antidepressants / antianxiety meds.
Bipolar I Disorder
The most severe bipolar disorder. It is marked by shifts in mood, energy, and ability to function. Periods of normal functioning may alternate with periods of illness (highs, lows, or a combination of both). Many individuals continue to experience chronic interpersonal or occupational difficulties even during remission. Individuals with bipolar I disorder have experienced at least one manic episode. Mania is a period of intense mood disturbance with persistent elevation, expansiveness, irritability, and extreme goal-directed activity or energy. These periods last at least 1 week for most of the day, every day. Symptoms of mania are so severe that this state is a psychiatric emergency. Manic episodes usually alternate with depression or a mixed state of anxiety and depression
Mild Alzheimer's Symptoms
The person and their loved one's notice memory lapses. The person may still be able to function independently but will experience: • Difficulties retrieving correct words or names, previously known • Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people • Greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings • Forgetting material that one has just read • Losing or misplacing a valuable object • Trouble with planning or organizing
Moderate Alzheimer's Symptoms
The person confuses words, gets frustrated or angry, or acts in unexpected ways such as refusing to bathe. Symptoms become noticeable to others and the person may: • Forget events or own personal history • Become moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations • Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated • Become confused about where they are or what day it is • Need for help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion • Have trouble controlling bladder and bowels • Change sleep patterns, such as sleeping during the day and becoming restless at night • Be at risk of wandering and becoming lost • Become suspiciousness and delusional or compulsive, for example, repetitive behavior like hand-wringing or tissue shredding
Severe Alzheimer's Symptoms
The person loses the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. They may still say words or phrases, but communicating pain becomes difficult. Personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. The person may: • Require full-time, around-the-clock assistance with daily personal care • Lose awareness of recent experiences and of their surroundings • Require high levels of assistance with daily activities and personal care • Experience changes in physical abilities, including the ability to walk, sit and, eventually, swallow • Have increasing difficulty communicating • Become vulnerable to infections, especially pneumonia
Postpartum Depression
The sadness and inadequacy felt by some new mothers in the days and weeks after giving birth
Histrionic Personality Disorder
These patients are excitable and dramatic yet are often high functioning. They may be referred to in terms of "drama queen" or "drama major". Classic characteristics are extroversion, flamboyancy, and colorful personalities. Despite this bold exterior, they tend to have limited ability to develop meaningful relationships. Nursing care: Nursing care should reflect an understanding that seductive behavior is a response to distress. Keep communication and interactions professional. Patients may exaggerate symptoms and have difficulty in functioning. Encourage and model the use of concrete and descriptive rather than vague and impressionistic language. Assist the patient to clarify feelings because they often have difficulty identifying them. Teach and role model assertiveness. Assess for suicidal ideation. What was intended as a suicide gesture may inadvertently result in death.
Codependence
a cluster of behaviors originally identified through research involving the families of alcoholic patients. People who are codependent often exhibit overly responsible behavior, doing for others what others could just as well do for themselves
Avoidant Personality Disorder
These patients are extremely sensitive to rejection, feel inadequate, and are socially inhibited. They avoid interpersonal contact due to fears of rejection or criticism.Are hypersensitive to criticism. Preoccupied with fear of being rejected. Nursing care: Nurses should use a friendly, accepting, and reassuring approach. Remember that being pushed into social situations can cause severe anxiety for these patients. Convey an attitude of acceptance toward patient fears. Provide the patient exercises to enhance new social skills but use with caution because any failure can increase feelings of poor self-worth. Assertiveness training can assist the person to learn to express needs.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
These patients do not blend in with the crowd. Their symptoms are strikingly strange and unusual. Magical thinking, odd beliefs, strange speech patterns, and inappropriate affect are hallmarks of this disorder. Nursing care: Respect patient's need for social isolation. Nurses should be aware of patient's suspiciousness and employ appropriate interventions. Perform careful assessment as needed to uncover any other medical or psychological symptoms that may need intervention (e.g., suicidal thoughts). Be aware that strange beliefs and activities, like strange religious practices or peculiar thoughts, may be part of the patient's life. Keep explanations simple
Motor disorder
Tourette Syndrome. Multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic for more than 1 year.
Antagonistic effect
Weakening the effect of one drug when an opposing drug is taken
PTSD
Witnessing violence is traumatizing and a well-documented risk factor for many mental health problems. Characterized by persistent re-experiencing of a highly traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury too self or other, to which the individual responded with intense fear, helplessness, or horror. The flashbacks and hypervigilance of PTSD can be terrifying. Victims begin to feel permanently damaged and often hate themselves for feeling so needy and helpless.
Dementia
a broad term used to describe progressive deterioration of cognitive functioning and global impairment of intellect
Autism Spectrum Disorder
a complex neurobiological and developmental disability that typically appears during a child's first 3 years of life. Autism spectrum disorder affects the normal development of social interaction and communication skills. It ranges in severity from mild to moderate to severe
Communication Disorder
a deficit in language skills acquisition that creates impairments in academic achievement, socialization, or self-care. Broadly, we consider speech and language as two separate categories for evaluating communication. Another aspect of speech that may be disturbed is fluency. Child-onset fluency disorder, also known as stuttering, is manifested by hesitations and repetition. While all children may have mild and transient symptoms of speech problems, speech disorders significantly impact a child's ability to communicate. Can be a receptive language disorder or an expressive one.
Schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Intermittent explosive disorder
a pattern of behavioral outbursts characterized by an inability to control aggressive impulses. The aggression can be verbal or physical and targeted toward other persons, animals, property, or even themselves. Anything can trigger the aggressive reaction to the situation
Conduct disorder
a persistent pattern of behavior in which the rights of others are violated and societal norms or rules are disregarded. The behavior is usually abnormally aggressive and can frequently lead to destruction of property or physical injury.
Parkinson's disease
a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis
AIDS dementia complex
an AIDS-related syndrome involving memory loss, confusion, and personality changes
Delirium
an acute cognitive disturbance and often-reversible condition that is common in hospitalized patients, especially older patients.
Psychomotor agitation
an inability to sit still, evidenced by pacing, hand wringing, or rubbing or pulling the skin, clothes, or other objects
Paranoid Personality Disorder
characterized by a longstanding distrust and suspiciousness of others based on the belief, which is unsupported by evidence, that others want to exploit, harm, or deceive the person. These individuals are hypervigilant, anticipate hostility, and may provoke hostile responses by initiating a counterattack. Nursing care: Considering the degree of mistrust, promises, appointments, and schedules should be strictly adhered to. Being too nice or friendly may be met with suspicion. Instead, give clear and straightforward explanations of tests and procedures beforehand. Use simple language and project a neutral but kind affect. Limit setting is essential when threatening behaviors are present.
Fetishism
characterized by a sexual focus on objects—such as shoes, gloves, pantyhose, and stockings—that are intimately associated with the human body. Preferred items are shoes, leather or latex items, and underclothing. Basically, it is becoming aroused by something that would not normally arouse other people
Specific Learning disorder
diagnosed when a child demonstrates persistent difficulty in reading (dyslexia), mathematics (dyscalculia), and/or written expression (dysgraphia). With any of these problems their performance is well below the expected performance of their peers. Diagnosis of a learning disorder is made through multiple assessments, including formal psychological evaluations.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
exhibit a lifelong pattern of social withdrawal. They are somewhat expressionless and operate with a restricted range of emotional expression. Others tend to view them as odd or eccentric due to their discomfort with social interaction. Nursing care: Nurses should avoid being too "nice" or "friendly." Do not try to increase socialization. Patients may be open to discussing topics such as coping and anxiety. Conduct a thorough assessment to identify symptoms the patient is reluctant to discuss. Protect against ridicule from group members due to patient's distinctive interests or ideas.
Delusions
false beliefs held despite a lack of evidence to support them. The most common delusions involve persecutory, grandiose, somatic, jealousy or religious ideas.
Agoraphobia
fear of open spaces. It refers to intense excessive anxiety or fear about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or in which help might not be available. Avoidance behaviors can be debilitating and life constricting. May experience other anxiety disorders such as phobias, panic, and social anxiety.
Exhibitionism
illegal activity with the intentional display of the genitals in a public place. Almost 100% of cases of exhibitionism involve a man exposing himself to a woman or to women
Operant Defiant disorder
impacts both emotions (e.g., anger and irritation) and behaviors (e.g., argumentativeness and defiance).A child or adolescent with oppositional defiant disorder is not just difficult or defiant. This disorder impairs the child's life and makes it extremely difficult for him or her to attend school, to have friends, or be a functioning member of the family.
Sexual sadism
involves the achievement of sexual satisfaction from the physical or psychological suffering (including humiliation) of the victim. The sadist inflicts pain and suffering on (usually) nonconsenting people.
Panic Disorder
marked by recurrent panic attacks. A panic attack is the sudden onset of extreme apprehension or fear usually associated with feelings of impending doom. The feelings of terror present during a panic attack are so severe that normal functioning is suspended, the perceptual field is severely limited, and misinterpretation of reality may occur. Typically, they are out of the blue, extremely intense, last a matter of minutes, and then subside. People who experience these attacks begin to fear the fear; they become so preoccupied with future attacks that they avoid what could be pleasurable and adaptive activities.
Pedophilia
most common paraphilic disorder. It involves a predominant or exclusive sexual interest toward prepubescent children (generally 13 years or younger). Sexual fantasies can lead some individuals to seek physical contact with these sexually immature children
Psychosis
refers to altered cognition, altered perception, and/or an impaired ability to determine what is or is not real
Transvestic Fetishism
sexual satisfaction is achieved by dressing in the clothing of the opposite gender
Cyclothymia
symptoms of hypomania alternate with symptoms of mild to moderate depression for at least 2 years in adults and 1 year in children. Hypomanic and depressive symptoms do not meet the criteria for either bipolar II or major depression, yet the symptoms are disturbing enough to cause social and occupational impairment. Some people experience rapid cycling and may have at least four mood episodes in a 12-month period. The cycling can also occur within the course of a month or even a 24-hour period. Rapid cycling is associated with more severe symptoms, such as poorer global functioning, high recurrence risk, and resistance to conventional somatic treatments.
Specific Phobias
the persistent irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a desire for avoidance or actual avoidance of the object, activity, or situation. They are characterized by the experience of high levels of anxiety or fear in response to specific objects or situations such as dogs, spiders, heights, storms, blood, and bridges.
Anorexia Nervosa
this is a chronic illness that waxes and wanes. These patients refuse to maintain a minimally normal weight for their height and express intense fear of gaining weight. The loss of appetite is rare, and usually they restrict their intake of food or binge and purge. The one-year relapse rate is 50%. Treatment may be long-term or lifelong.
Cross tolerance
when you are tolerant of one medication, and it makes you tolerant of another, similar, substance. Example is being tolerant of alcohol, and then taking a Benzodiazepine, because they work in the same way in the body