PSYCH FINAL

Which of the following provides evidence in favor of the nativist view of language acquisition?

- Even babies who are born deaf engage in babbling. - Children learn language with ease. - Language develops in the same way at the same time for children worldwide.

In aging adults, "use it or lose it" refers to and advises which of the following?

-Exercise will help maintain physical health. -Engaging in challenging work will help maintain cognitive functioning. -Engaging in meaningful tasks will help maintain cognitive functioning.

Psychologists have argued which of the following with respect to racial and ethnic differences in intelligence test scores?

-They may result from biases in IQ tests. -Most research is based on European Americans and is therefore not representative. -They are meaningless because race is a social construct.

What percentage of the population has an IQ between 130 or 140?

1 percent

What percentage of dieters maintains long-term weight loss?

10 percent

Although no one knows for sure, it is estimated that grammatical and syntactical language is less than _______ years old.

150,000 to 200,000

In 2017, past year prevalance of any mental illness among U.S. adults was highest for what age range?

18-25

The trait of extraversion often correlates around 50 percent for identical twins and around _______ for fraternal twins.

20 to 25 percent

What is the highest IQ ever recorded?

228

The absolute threshold is the lowest intensity level of a stimulus a person can detect

25 percent of the time.

The heritability of most basic personality traits is approximately

40 to 60 percent.

The average 8- to 12-year-old spends approximately how many hours each day using media?

6

In adults, each complete sleep cycle, non-REM and REM sleep together, lasts about how long?

90 mins

Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation(no interference)?

A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of 4-year-olds.

Dr. Mitchell found a +.93 correlation between hours partied per week and lower GPAs. Which of the following statements can be made about Dr. Mitchell's data?

A)In general, the more that students partied, the lower their GPAs were. B)In general, the fewer hours that students partied, the higher their GPAs were. C)Although there were general trends in GPA noted, it could not be said that the number of hours spent partying caused lower GPAs. D)All answer choices are correct.

In which of the following scenarios would the individual's environment interact with his or her genes to create the given developmental outcome?

A)Sally sustained a traumatic brain injury, and now she has major language impairments. B)All answer choices are correct. C)Greg's mother consumed a lot of alcohol when she was pregnant with him, and now he has fetal alcohol syndrome. D)Mortimer attends a reputable grammar school, and his grades are the highest in his class.

Which of the following statements about dementia is FALSE?

Aging by itself causes dementia.

To do a meta-analysis, the researcher converts the findings of numerous studies into a standardized statistic known as

An effect size

Which discipline of psychology examines the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought?

Biological Psychology

On the Implicit Associations Test,

Black Americans tend to respond more slowly to pairings of "white American" with positive words than they do to pairings of "white American" with negative words.

Which of the following is a measure considers not only height and weight but also a person's "belly fat"?

Body Volume Indicator

Sally experienced a traumatic brain injury and is no longer able to produce speech. Which part of her brain was most likely damaged?

Broca's area

Which researcher's theory is now known as the g-factor theory of intelligence because it describes intelligence as a single general factor made up of specific components?

Charles Spearman

Who developed the first theory of intelligence?

Charles Spearman

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study demonstrated which of the following with respect to aggression?

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive models.

Sociocultural theorists suggest which of the following with respect to language development?

Children learn language by hearing other people speak and interpreting it within context.

Which of the following correctly states the sensitivity period hypothesis for language acquisition?

Children who are not exposed to human language before a certain age will never fully develop language skills.

Generally speaking, which of the following people would have the highest level of brain plasticity?

Connor, age 4

_____ thinking is a process by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas.

Critical

The variable that is measured in an experiment is known as the

Dependent Variable

Which of the following scenarios best depicts variable-ratio reinforcement?

Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot.

Mel is participating in a research study on memory. Neither he nor the researchers know if he is in the experimental group or the control group. In what type of research is Mel participating?

Double-Blind Study

Marvin, who is overweight and unhealthy, would like to make some lifestyle changes to lose weight and keep it off. According to research by the CDC (2015), which of the following is not one of the recommendations that Marvin should follow?

Eat more meals throughout the day.

Which theorist outlined the stages that people may move through after learning that they are going to die?

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

Which of the following is TRUE about how Esref Armagan can create beautiful paintings, even though he was born blind?

Esref's occipital lobe processes tactile information rather than visual information when he paints by the feel of his hands.

Dr. Mendes was called as an expert witness in a trial. He was asked to provide testimony about which parent should have primary custody of the children following a difficult custody battle. What type of psychology does Dr. Mendes practice?

Forensic psychology

Which of the following statements about dreams is TRUE?

Full-blown dreams are less common during non-REM than REM sleep.

is the tendency to be blind to unusual uses of common everyday things or procedures.

Functional fixedness

Which of the following is NOT a gland that secretes hormones?

Gallbladder

Which of the following is most likely true of 24-year-old Mark, who has a high baseline level of testosterone?

He had his first experience of sexual intercourse at an earlier age than did his peers.

Which of the following indicates a popular perception of dissociative identity disorder?

It is a coping strategy gone awry.

Which of the following statements is true of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

It is characterized by severe language and social impairment combined with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors.

Why is it important for researchers to use a control group in a scientific study?

It is important to show that between two groups that were similar from the beginning of the study, the one that received the manipulation is the one that changes.

Why is psychology unique among the sciences?

It is the science of understanding individuals

Which of the following is the most important function of the presence of others in group therapy?

It shows participants that they are not alone in their experience.

What is the all-or-none principle?

It states that an action potential either fires or it doesn't.

If researchers lesion (cut or destroy) the amygdala of a laboratory animal, what would be the likely result?

It will show no fear.

Which theory states that it is our perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that creates the subjective emotional experience?

James-Lange theory of emotion

Which of the following statements about mirror neurons is FALSE?

Mirror neurons are located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

The best description of the drive-reduction theory of motivation would be which of the following?

Organisms act in ways to maintain homeostasis.

Which of the following technologies involves injecting the patient with a harmless radioactive form of oxygen or glucose?

PET

To study depression, Avshalom Caspi and colleagues followed a group of nearly 1,000 people from age 3 until age 26. The investigators measured life events experienced by the participants at different ages. What were the findings?

People who had inherited two short forms of the serotonin gene were more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms following stressful life events than were those who had inherited the long form.

Which of the following is the effect that frame of mind has on perception and helps explain why "we see what we want to see and hear what we want to hear"?

Perceptual Set

In ______, people who have lost a limb feel pain in the missing arm or leg.

Phantom Limb Pain

Which of the following is true according to the broaden-and-build model of emotions?

Positive emotions help to expand our thinking.

which of the following is a key factor of a true experiment?

Random assignment

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

Rods and cones

The French philosopher Voltaire summarized the concept of ______ in his quote: "Doubt is uncomfortable, certainty is ridiculous."

Scientific skepticism

Sarah has major depressive disorder. The medication she takes to treat her symptoms likely increases the availability of _____ in her brain.

Serotonin

Which theorist stated that "dreams are the royal road to the unconscious"?

Sigmund Freud

A researcher discovers that people are more likely to agree with what others are saying if they are in a group rather than state their own opinion, if it differs from everyone else in the group's opinion. To what type of research would this information belong?

Social Psychology

Which of the following is NOT a personality trait of highly creative people?

Some highly creative people, like artists, possess less emotional sensitivity and more stability than other highly creative people, such as scientists

Melinda sees a bear in the woods and becomes extremely scared. She decides to run away as fast as she can. When she gets home, she calms down because the bear did not follow her. In this situation, the _____ prepared Melinda's body to deal with this emergency, and the _____ relaxed her body after the crisis.

Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

Serena is a gifted pianist who experiences the music she plays in colors. So, as she plays the music, she can "see" each note in her head in a different brilliant shade. Her condition, where the senses of hearing and vision have mixed together, is known as what?

Synesthesia

______ is a condition that presents repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth, and body tremors.

Tardive dyskinesia

______ is the biologically based disposition to behave in certain ways, which lays the foundation for later personality traits.

Temperament

What were the findings of the Adverse Childhood Experiences study?

The more adverse childhood experience participants reported, the worse the psychological outcomes.

Which of the following is a disadvantage to using surveys to collect behavioral data?

The respondents who agree to participate may not be representative of the population.

Psychologists have argued which of the following with respect to racial and ethnic differences in intelligence test scores?

They may result from biases in IQ tests. They are meaningless because race is a social construct. Most research is based on European Americans and is therefore not representative.

Which of the following structures secretes the hormones that control the metabolic rate?

Thyroid

Which of the following individuals is experiencing visual imagery?

Tiekka, who is remembering how many windows are in her house

Currently, the intelligence test for children most widely administered in the United States is the

Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC).

Even though he cannot yet speak, 10-month-old Mikey understands what his father means when he says to Mikey, "You're a good boy!" Which part of Mikey's brain is involved in this language comprehension?

Wernicke's area

Lesions to the back portion of the hypothalamus lead to

a decrease in sexual behavior.

To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Luke used which of the following?

a mnemonic device

In a study of a new cardiac drug, half of the subjects received the new drug, and half of the subjects received a sugar pill. The sugar pill is also known as

a placebo.(No therapeutic value)

In an effort to get him to clean his bedroom, Sam's mother gave him a gold star every time he cleaned it. Each time he had earned five stars, he was able to trade them in for a new toy. Now his room is usually clean. What did Sam's mother use?

a token economy

Baby Earl will most likely begin putting together grammatically correct sentences when he is what age?

about 2.5 years old

If twin studies demonstrate that most basic personality traits have heritability estimates of between 40 percent and 60 percent, this means that an individual's genetic makeup explains

about half of his or her basic traits.

What is an archetype?

an ancient, recurring image that results from ancestral experiences

Psychologists define learning as

an enduring change in behavior due to experience.

According to the dopamine hypothesis, people with schizophrenia have

an excess of dopamine activity in certain areas of their brain.

What is prejudice?

an unfair attitude about someone based solely on their group membership

_____ occurs when you experience one object or situation that is linked with another.

association

Learning by connection is basically the definition of

association.

A(n) _____ is a starting point for our thinking and reasoning that is often taken for granted.

assumption

Evidence suggests that temperament and personality differences manifest

before birth.

Mike, an artist, experiences one of his hypomanic phases. Which of the following characteristics describes his state?

being inspired to generate creative behavior

Which of the following systems does NOT vary on a circadian basis?

blinking

Individuals with narcolepsy may also experience a state of _________, which is a weakness of facial muscles and muscles in the limbs.

cataplexy

The string of digits 1776149217871941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1776, 1492, 1787, and 1941 in a process called _____ makes it easier.

chunking

Lillian sees a store sign that says CL SED. Due to the Gestalt law of __________, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter.

closure

A psychologist is studying how people visualize objects in their minds. She is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

cognitive

A psychologist with speciality in what area might ask how one's attention might be affected by the use, or lack of use, of mobile devices while driving?

cognitive psychology

Dr. Rammadah asks Marla, "You say you're afraid to be rejected and alone, so you don't want to get close to anyone, and so now you're alone and you are afraid. Do you see the error in that thinking?" What is Dr. Rammadah using?

cognitive therapy

Which of the following therapies helps clients break down irrational thoughts and construct logical ways of thinking, and also offers rewards for effective thinking and behavior?

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Claire suffers from dissociative identity disorder and exhibits traits of schizophrenia as well. The existence of two disorders at the same time shows that Claire has

comorbidity.

Svetlana has just started to understand that volume remains the same, even if it changes shape. Svetlana must be in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

concrete operational

Josephine is selecting the colors of the flowers for her garden. She can distinguish between colors primarily due to the functioning of her eyes'

cones.

Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of ______ when his participants consistently agreed with confederates' clearly erroneous judgments rather than giving the answer that they personally thought was correct.

conformity

______ is the awareness of one's surroundings and of what is in one's mind at a given moment.

consciousness

Which of the following speech sounds is baby Lola likely to make first?

cooing

"All cars sold by this dealership come with satellite radio. This car was sold by the dealership. Therefore, it must have satellite radio." What is this line of thinking known as?

deductive reasoning

A _____ psychologist might ask questions about the age at which it is appropriate for a person to use electronic social networks?

developmental

In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, psychologists speculate that no one came to her aid because of

diffusion of responsibility.

In order to receive a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, one must have

directly experienced a distressing event or witnessed such an event occurring to others.

The question "How would you solve world hunger?" is an example of which type of problem?

divergent thinking

Freud proposed that _____________ are the "royal road to the unconscious."

dreams

Diane is not paying attention to her boyfriend talking, when all of the sudden something he says stops her. She says, "Wait a minute . . . did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in her _____ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

Tori is blind. As she walks, she clicks her tongue and uses the sounds that bounce back to her to know where objects are. This is an example of what?

echolocation

MDMA is also known by which other drug name?

ecstasy

Preoperational children are _______________ thinkers, which means they cannot see the world from others' points of view.

egocentric

Marty has cancer and, as a result of his chemotherapy, finds it difficult to eat. Which of the following would a doctor be likely to use to stimulate Marty's appetite?

endocannabinoids

Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of sexual arousal as stated by Masters and Johnson (1966)?

engagement

Social psychologists speculate that one reason soldiers blindly follow orders to harm or kill people is that they

feel relatively guiltless because the authority figure is ultimately responsible.

The fact that people perform best and are most creative when they are optimally challenged relative to their abilities is known as

flow

Guilford's Alternate Uses test measures which of the following characteristics?

fluency, flexibility, and originality

Raven's Progressive Matrices are tests of

fluid intelligence.

Down syndrome is an example of intellectual disability that is

genetic in nature.

Down syndrome is an example of mental retardation that is,

genetic in nature.

Mara's therapist recommended that each day she should notice and write down at least one thing for which she is thankful. What type of therapeutic technique is Mara's therapist using?

gratitude training

Carl Rogers considered someone to be psychologically well adjusted if he or she

had congruence between the ideal and real selves.

Garrett is taking a phenothiazine. Which of the following clusters of symptoms is his psychiatrist most likely attempting to treat?

hallucinations, confusion, and paranoia

Psilocybin is the active ingredient in

hallucinogenic mushrooms.

You pick a new ringtone for your phone and initially you notice the ringtone. After some time, you become accustomed to the ringtone and pay less attention to it when it rings. What has occured?

hibituation

The study of ______ is about both change and continuity in the person across the life span.

human development

______ is a state of mind that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, and absorption.

hypnosis

Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank and asks him to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is examining his _____ memory.

iconic

Recreational drugs, such as PCP and ketamine, lead to schizophrenia-like symptoms by

impairing the functioning of glutamate and one of its receptors, NMDA.

Which of the following theories of language acquisition captures the interaction between nature and nurture?

innately guided learning

Millie is 18 months. When separated from her mother, she cannot be comforted by her mother when they reunite, and she has difficulty returning to play. Millie shows some passiveness as well. What attachment style would you classify Millie as having?

insecure-resistant attachment

According to Erik Erikson, the conflict of old age is between

integrity versus despair.

is a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.

intelligence

Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism?

interference

George is always friendly to everyone at school, but when he is at work or at home he is mostly grumpy and irritable. "Friendly" may not be classified as one of George's personality traits, because it

is not consistent across situations.

Countries such as Mexico and Colombia—which have half the GNP per person of countries such as Denmark, Iceland, and Switzerland—are ______ as the wealthier countries.

just as happy

Cognitive scientists typically are interested in how we

learn, remember, think, or reason.

Drawing upon Gardner's theory, it can be said that authors Virginia Woolf, Mark Twain, and Dr. Seuss, all masterfully skilled at using words and language, possessed _______________ intelligence.

linguistic

If Robert suffers from bipolar disorder, which of the following neurochemical conditions will be observed in his case?

low serotonin levels coupled with low levels of norepinephrine in the depressed phase

Sexually selected traits

make one more attractive to the opposite sex.

Rose is smitten with Sid. She is speaking with him and is fully aware of what he is saying, the tone of his voice, how he smells, the look in his eyes, and how he makes her feel. Rose's state of consciousness can be said to be high in

mindfulness

When we sleep, we are ______ conscious.

moderately

Biologists, botanists, and veterinarians are all likely to be highly skilled in which type of intelligence?

naturalistic

When one relies on a stereotype to provide information about a person based solely on group membership, what is one doing?

not using the parts of one's brain involved in careful thought

Nearly ______ of all FDA studies, most of which reported negative results on antidepressants, were not published.

one-third

Evolutionary psychologists propose that due to differences in ______________, men are more interested in short-term mating than are women.

parental investment

In Stanley Milgram's research on obedience, the "teacher" was the

participant.

According to Alan Baddeley (2003, 2007), what is the first step in the working memory process?

paying attention to a stimulus

Someone attempting to change our attitude is engaged in

persuasion.

Andy is a schizophrenic who has bizarre perceptual experiences such as hallucinations and delusional thinking. These symptoms are known as _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

positive

Kay's friends say she is very "street smart." According to Sternberg's theory, Kay's intelligence would fall under what category?

practical

Research shows that the Big Five personality traits are

prevalent across cultures.

Knowing how to ride a bike, or any physical skill we have learned, is what kind of memory?

procedural

The term _____ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science but do not use the scientific method to research their conclusions.

pseudoscience

The psychological therapies include which of the following?

psychoanalytic and cognitive approaches

Brandon, who experiences the most common type of color deficiency, cannot distinguish

red from green.

Which of the following has been shown to be an effective clinical application of hypnosis?

reliving pain treating nausea stopping smoking

Which of the following correctly portrays the general pathway for the process of vision?

retina, optic nerve, thalamus, visual cortex

Millie was in a skiing accident and broke both of her legs. She cannot remember the accident at all. This is an example of which of the following?

retrograde amnesia

Mark is a psychologist who generates theories as to the causes of certain behaviors, tests applicable hypotheses, and revises his theories as needed. In what is Mark engaging?

scientific thinking

According to Mary Ainsworth, the healthiest form of attachment is called

secure.

_____ occurs when information from our five senses leaves a small, momentary trace in our brain unless we pay attention to and process this information.

sensory memory

Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. What is Terrell likely experiencing?

separation anxiety

Ted wants to teach his dog, Bailey, to "wave goodbye." He begins to reward Bailey every time he lifts his paw in the air. Then, Ted rewards Bailey any time he lifts his paw and moves it even slightly. Finally, he rewards him only when he makes a full waving motion. Which of the following techniques is Ted using with Bailey?

shaping

Eric Kandel concluded that "conversoin from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repitition-even in _____."

snails

"Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior but also for those who watch." This statement is most closely linked to the theory of

social learning

Groupthink operates daily within which of the following types of interactions?

social media

Dennis's mom tells him each night at dinner not to put his elbows on the table. Dennis's mom's statement is an example of

social norms.

Which nervous system transmits sensory information to the brain and spinal cord and from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

Steve has been attending Alcoholics Anonymous for about 2 years and feels a sense of community when he is there. This type of therapeutic setting would be called what?

support group

The phrase "use it or lose it" is particularly relevant to neural processes in that

synaptic connections will lose strength if they are not used regularly, and we may forget information.

______ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.

synthesia

A key characteristic of scientific thinking is that claims should be

testable

Derek, who is 12, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders in a process mediated primarily by which of the following hormones?

testosterone

Research has consistently shown that men, women, and animals with high levels of the hormone _________________ perform better on tests of spatial ability than do men, women, and animals with normal levels.

testosterone

The experience of the flavor of food results from which of the following?

the combination of taste plus smell

Thorndike's law of effect states that

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood of that behavior's being repeated.

After the night's first period of REM sleep,

the non-REM periods are shorter, and the REM periods are longer.

What is imprinting?

the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth

More participants in a study can recall the words in the beginning and in the end of a list than can recall words in the middle of a list. What is this called?

the serial position effect

Mona says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those movies about the killer cheerleaders! His name begins with an F . . . I just can't remember it!" What is Mona experiencing?

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Developmental psychology explores how

thoughts and behaviors change and show stability across the life span.

Dr. Hall is in a therapy session with his client, who is a violent criminal. Although Dr. Hall does not approve of this person's actions, he still shows genuine liking and empathy for her, regardless of what she has done. What is Dr. Hall expressing?

unconditional positive regard

Personality psychology considers

what makes people unique, as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

What is retroactive interference?

when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned information

What was "Little Albert" conditioned to fear?

white rat