Psych final

Clinical psychology

________ is the area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders. a) Forensic psychology b) Evolutionary psychology c) Organizational psychology d) Clinical psychology

client-centered therapy

a form of humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems; also called Rogerian therapy or nondirective therapy

dream analysis

a psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person's dreams

reflective speech

a technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client

cross-cultural competence

a therapist's assessment of his or her ability to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client's perception of those abilities

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a treatment, sometimes used for depression, that sets off a seizure in the brain; also called shock therapy

empirically supported treatment

an approach to treating psychological disorders that advocates making treatment decisions based on the body of research that has shown which type of therapy works best

family therapy

group therapy with family members

couples therapy

group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationship

community mental health

help people who are disenfranchised from society, people in poverty, lead happier, more productive lives

clinical psychology

the area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders

cultural perspectives

the result of the society in which people are reared and reflect their differences from others. -ethnicity -gender

What is psychotherapy?

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained professionals engaging in an interpersonal relationship with someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Behavior Therapy

treatments based on behavioral and cognitive theories of learning, that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior

cognitive therapy

treatments emphasizing that cognitions (thoughts) are the main source of psychological disorders and attempts to change the individuals feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions

biological therapy

treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning

Self-help support groups

voluntary groups of individuals that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems

lithium

widely used to treat bipolar disorder

systematic desensitization

A method of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations.

deep brain stimulation

A procedure for treatment-resistant depression that involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain that emit signals to alter the brain's electrical circuitry.

well-being therapy

A short-term, problem-focused, directive therapy that encourages clients to accentuate the positive.

group therapy

A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health professional.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with the goal of developing the client's self-efficacy.

cognitive therapies

In the context of approaches to psychotherapy, ________ attempt to change an individual's feelings and behaviors by changing his or her thoughts. a) humanistic psychotherapies b) cognitive therapies c) behavior therapies d) psychodynamic therapies

t is the type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person.

In the context of close relationships, which of the following is true of affectionate love? a) It is the type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person. b) It is also called romantic love. c) It is also called passionate love. d) It is the type of love that has strong components of sexuality and infatuation that predominate in the later stages of love.

The biological approach to therapy

drug therapy

antianxiety drugs

drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable; commonly known as tranquilizers

psychosurgery

A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustment.

Transference

A client's relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual's life.

social exchange theory

According to ________, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits. a) the concept of social contagion b) the elaboration likelihood model c) social exchange theory d) psychological exchange theory

cognitive dissonance.

An individual's psychological discomfort caused by having two inconsistent thoughts is known as a) prejudice. b) egoism. c) cognitive dissonance. d) mere exposure.

Operant conditioning in behavior therapy

Behavior patterns are learned and can be unlearned

free association, dream interpretation, transference, and extensive interpretation.

Dr. Billings is a therapist who specializes in psychoanalysis. The types of techniques that she is likely to use would include... a) systematic desensitization and token economies. b) prescribing strong medication that will reduce the client's anxiety so that the client can learn to relax. c) free association, dream interpretation, transference, and extensive interpretation. d) teaching clients to replace their fears systematically with more relaxed responses.

psychoanalysis

Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts

He lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain.

Harry has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which of the following statements is applicable to him? a) He shows an excessive attachment to moral codes and is excessively orderly in daily life. b) He perceives himself as helpless and depends on others for emotional and physical needs. c) He is prone to mood swings, excessive self-criticism, and extreme judgments of others. d) He lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain.

stereotyping.

Hiroko's fifth-grade teacher was disappointed when he performed poorly in math. She believes that Asian students are academically excellent and never perform poorly. In this scenario, the teacher's beliefs best illustrate a) polarization. b) stereotyping. c) deindividuation. d) altruism.

Most people with bipolar disorder experience multiple cycles of depression interspersed with mania.

Identify a true statement about bipolar disorder. a) Bipolar disorder is typically more common in women than in men. b) Unlike people with schizophrenia, people with bipolar disorder have highly disordered thought processes. c) Bipolar disorder is linked to low levels of norepinephrine in the brain. d) Most people with bipolar disorder experience multiple cycles of depression interspersed with mania.

PTSD can occur in those who witness a traumatic event and also in those who only hear about it.

Identify a true statement about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). a) An individual has to show symptoms immediately after a traumatic event to be diagnosed with PTSD. b) Only those individuals who directly experience a trauma show symptoms of PTSD. c) PTSD can occur in those who witness a traumatic event and also in those who only hear about it. d) An individual has to show symptoms within a week after a traumatic event to be diagnosed with PTSD.

It is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

In the context of group identity, which of the following statements is true of prejudice? a) It refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony. b) It refers to the tendency to favor one's outgroups over one's ingroups. c) It is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group. d) It refers to the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.

social identity theory

In the context of intergroup relations, which of the following theories best explains why individuals invariably think of the group to which they belong as an ingroup? a) cognitive dissonance theory b) social exchange theory c) self-perception theory d) social identity theory

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Janet is worried about her son, Patrick. She finds him restless and impulsive. At times, Janet finds it exhausting to handle him because he is a high-strung boy and shows very little concentration while studying. She has also received several complaints from Patrick's teachers regarding his poor performance in class and his lack of focus. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Patrick is exhibiting the symptoms of a) obsessive-compulsive disorder. b) schizophrenia. c) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. d) mild neurocognitive impairment.

hallucinations.

Jeremy, a schizophrenic patient, hears multiple voices talking to him inside his head at the same time and forcing him to do things. In this scenario, Jeremy most likely experiences a) delusions. b) illusions. c) hallucinations. d) catatonia.

conformity.

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting a) reactance. b) conformity. c) obedience. d) altruism.

external attribution.

Maria believes that her roommate did not clean the dirty dishes last night because she was exhausted after an unusually busy day at work. Maria is explaining her roommate's behavior through a) the bystander effect. b) external attribution. c) internal attribution. d) the false consensus effect.

antipsychotic drugs

Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia.

The psychological approach to therapy

Psychotherapy- Helps people with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems (talk therapy)

cognitive restructuring

Roberto is a behavioral psychologist. Tracy, one of his patients, feels that she is a failure and is not capable of achieving anything in life. Roberto instructs Tracy to change the way she feels about herself. He asks her to write down five positive qualities about herself and to focus on those positive qualities whenever she feels low. Which of the following techniques of therapy is exemplified in this scenario? a) systematic desensitization b) free association c) reflective speech d) cognitive restructuring

reflective speech.

Sarah visits Eva, her therapist, to share her grief regarding the loss of her son in a drunk-driving accident. During this process, Eva mirrors Sarah's feelings with respect to this incident. According to the humanistic perspective, it can be inferred that Eva is implementing the technique of... a) reflective speech. b) validation. c) unconditional positive regard. d) catharsis.

generalized anxiety disorder

Sufferers of ________ experience persistent anxiety for at least six months and are unable to specify the reasons for their anxiety. a) generalized anxiety disorder b) agoraphobia c) aerophobia d) social anxiety disorder

psychodynamic therapy

Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems

Humanistic Therapy

Treatments, unique in their emphasis on people's self-healing capacities, that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally.

integrative therapy

Use of a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist's judgement of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client.

Classical conditioning in behavior therapy

Used in treating phobias

deep relaxation

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization? a) deep relaxation b) cognitive restructuring c) hypnosis d) dream analysis

to help clients resolve unconscious conflicts and gain insight

Which of the following is a primary goal of psychodynamic therapists? a) to modify irrational beliefs of clients b) to develop the innate growth potential of clients c) to help clients resolve unconscious conflicts and gain insight d) to bring about environmental changes that facilitate adaptive behaviors

They provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release.

Which of the following is true of self-help support groups? a) They are conducted by a professional therapist. b) They provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release. c) They are beneficial only to high-income groups as they are relatively expensive. d) They specialize in family therapy.

They are drugs that regulate mood.

Which of the following statements is true of antidepressant drugs? a) They are drugs that regulate mood. b) They are primarily used to treat bipolar disorder. c) They are ineffective in treating anxiety disorders and eating and sleep disorders. d) They increase the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain.

In DID, one identity dominates at one time and another takes over at another time.

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)? a) Individuals with DID have two or more ambiguous personalities with overlapping memories and behaviors. b) The majority of individuals who have been sexually abused develop DID. c) In DID, one identity dominates at one time and another takes over at another time. d) The vast majority of individuals with DID are men.

Social comparison provides distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison? a) Social comparison provides distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity. b) Social comparison helps people in knowing how attitudes affect behavior and vice versa.Incorrect c) Social comparison is an individual's psychological discomfort caused by having two inconsistent thoughts. d) Social comparison is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

It refers to the study of human societies, organizations, and institutions

Which of the following statements is true of social psychology? a) It looks for the causes of human behavior within a person and his or her traits. b) It focuses on human social behavior on the group level. c) It refers to the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.Correct d) It refers to the study of human societies, organizations, and institutions.

Many explanations of specific phobia view this disorder as based on experiences and learned associations

Which of the following statements is true of specific phobia? a) All people who have specific phobia also suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder. b) Many explanations of specific phobia view this disorder as based on experiences and learned associations. c) All disorders that involve repetitive behavior, such as hoarding disorder, excoriation, and trichotillomania, are related to specific phobia. d) Specific phobia is a disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that overwhelms a person's abilities to cope.

It states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders? a) According to this model, biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors are independent of one another and operate distinctly in producing abnormal behavior. b) It states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior. c) According to this model, a specific gene or a particular experience will inevitably lead to the development of a psychological disorder. d) It gives more importance to biological factors over psychological and sociocultural factors in producing normal and abnormal behavior.

applied behavior analysis

Which of the following therapies represents the application of operant principles to psychological disorders? a) aversion therapy b) applied behavior analysis c) flooding d) systematic desensitization

Felicia, who has been experiencing a less extreme depressive mood for over two months

Who among the following is most likely to be diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder? a) Ricardo, who has experienced a significant depressive episode b) Felicia, who has been experiencing a less extreme depressive mood for over two months c) Matt, who experiences one or two manic episodes every month, along with hallucinations d) Melisa, who experiences extreme mood swings

evidence-based practice

integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics, culture, and preferences

therapeutic allience

relationship between therapist and client; an important element of successful psychotherapy