Psych Final!!!

Which of the following best describes the relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia?

Agoraphobia rarely occurs in the absence of panic attacks.

Which one of the following statements is true concerning the assessment of psychological disorders?

Assessment should be evidenced-based when possible.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding potential causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Environmental factors, like certain bacterial infections, can trigger OCD in children

Which of the following people with schizophrenia would you expect to have the best prognosis?

Safia, who lives in Indonesia and developed the disorder later in life

Which of the following is a reason why using placebos in experiments that test the effectiveness of psychotherapy is more complicated than in experiments that test the effectiveness of drug therapies?

The therapists know if they are providing the treatment or control therapy

Research on biological treatments for autism spectrum disorder shows that

oxytocin improves social functioning but SSRIs and antipsychotics do not.

Fear hierarchies are used in

systematic desensitization.

Dr. Yep is conducting a randomized clinical trial examining whether Zeppo, a newly developed anxiolytic, is effective for reducing anxiety. In this study, the experimental group will be given

the new drug, Zeppo.

Which of the following factors is a drawback of electroconvulsive therapy for depression?

the need for repeated treatments

People diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder are less likely to learn from punishment because

they have a low level of arousal and do not experience punishment as aversive.

Suicide is the ________ leading cause of death among adolescents. This statistic suggests that treatment with ________, while controversial, still shows more benefits than risks.

third; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Which of the following is considered a trauma and stressor-related disorder?

adjustment disorder

A person diagnosed with panic disorder is most likely to develop which of the following additional disorders?

agoraphobia

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by

allowing serotonin to remain in the synapse.

After receiving a disappointing grade, Sariah tells herself that she may not get into college because she is a lazy and unmotivated person and that her future is doomed. Given the role of ________ in psychological disorders, Sariah is highly likely to develop ________.

cognitive processes; major depressive disorder

One of the most effective treatments for panic disorder is ________ because it helps ________.

cognitive therapy; correct their overestimation of the probability of danger

Dr. Jahoda believes that his patients' problems are due to their distorted beliefs based on prior learning experiences. Dr. Jahoda most clearly takes a ________ approach to psychological disorders.

cognitive-behavioral

Dr. Ramos specializes in adolescent depression and often treats her patients with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). If she would like to add a treatment component that has been shown to improve outcomes for adolescents on Prozac, she should recommend ________ therapy.

cognitive-behavioral

In trying to reduce your fear of heights, your therapist asks you to relax on a couch while you imagine slowly climbing up the steps of a ladder. She is using ________ therapy.

exposure

Based on research by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), about how many adolescents out of 100 could be expected to experience serious suicidal thoughts while being treated with Prozac?

4

Research has shown a positive relationship between taking Prozac and suicidality in adolescent populations. According to the research, we would expect ________ of adolescents taking Prozac to become suicidal.

4 percent

Sean's parents are concerned about his behavior. He has always been suspicious of people, but he has become increasingly guarded and socially isolated since moving out of his parents' home. He now shows very little emotion, but holds grudges about minor arguments. It is possible that Sean has a personality disorder in cluster ________.

A; odd or eccentric

Under which of the following conditions do you have the highest likelihood of developing schizophrenia?

Both of your biological parents have the disorder.

Which of the following best describes the short-term results of Barlow's study comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy and an antidepressant for treating panic disorder?

Both showed equal positive effects.

Brandon has been receiving intensive applied behavioral analysis (ABA) for his autism spectrum disorder since the age of 2. Which of the following outcomes is most likely after four years of ABA?

Brandon has a higher IQ than before he started.

Which of the following best describes the results research comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy and the use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) clomipramine for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective than the SSRI.

Which of the following best describes the long-term results of Barlow's study comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy and an antidepressant for treating panic disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective.

Which of the following is a major difference between transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS)?

DBS requires surgery whereas TMS does not.

Which of the following accurately describes evidence supporting those who believe dissociative identity disorder (DID) is typically a faked disorder?

DID is often diagnosed after someone has been arrested for a crime.

Which of the following accurately describes gender differences in depression cross-culturally?

Gender differences in depression are smaller in developing compared to developed nations.

Tory has received applied behavior analysis (ABA) since the age of 2. Given what you know about ABA, which would you expect to see after two years of treatment?

If Tory received intensive treatment (40 hours per week), his IQ will have increased.

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings on oxytocin and autism spectrum disorder?

Injections of oxytocin led to improved identification of a speaker's emotional tone.

Which of the following best summarizes the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy as a treatment for depression?

It is just as effective as drug treatment.

Which of the following is a potential drawback of applied behavioral analysis?

It is labor-intensive and can last for years.

How does modern electroconvulsive therapy differ from traditional electroconvulsive therapy?

It occurs under anesthesia and is combined with muscle relaxants.

A cognitive therapist would be most successful with which of the following clients?

Jamala, a woman who believes that she is worthless and unlovable

Jenny is a 30-year-old executive who was diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) when she was in elementary school. Based on recent research, you would assume that

Jenny most likely still shows symptoms of ADHD.

Malcolm (age 10) often wets the bed at night. His brother, John (age 3), has difficulty controlling his emotions and often has temper tantrums. Given only this information, which child is most likely to have a neurodevelopmental disorder?

John, but not Malcolm

During a study, participants read an ambiguous story, which they can interpret in a variety of ways. Jonah interprets the story as threatening, whereas Elias interprets the story as comical. Based on this information alone, what conclusion can you draw about Jonah and Elias?

Jonah experiences higher levels of anxiety than Elias.

Which of the following accurately describes evidence supporting those who are skeptical as to whether dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a genuine psychological disorder?

Patients often report well-publicized symptoms but not lesser-known yet still common symptoms.

Which of the following accurately summarizes the research on brain activity and the placebo effect?

Placebo and active treatments are associated with similar changes in brain activity.

A therapist, Dr. Johannson, is writing a diagnosis for her patient, Sarah, who suffers from anxiety. If Dr. Johannson believes in the dimensional nature of psychopathology, she would be most likely to write that

Sarah is at the extreme end of the anxiety spectrum.

All of the following people were diagnosed with schizophrenia at age 20. Who would you expect to have the best prognosis?

Sariyah, a woman who lives in a developing country

Based on longitudinal research, which of the following children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is likely to have the best treatment outcome after three years?

Soren, who is receiving behavioral therapy

In a long-term study of applied behavioral analysis, one group of children received 40 hours of therapy, a second group received 10 hours of therapy, and a control group received no therapy. Which of the following best describes the findings?

The 10-hour group exhibited no differences from the control group.

Which of the following accurately supports the idea that autism spectrum disorder is a biological disorder?

The brains of children with the diagnosis do not appear to develop normally during adolescence.

Based on the results of the Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS), how should the doctor of an adolescent approach the issue of medication for depression?

The doctor should prescribe Prozac but inform the patient that one of the risks of taking the drug may be an increase in suicidal thoughts.

Which of the following supports the idea that interpersonal relationships play an important role in depression?

The loss of a loved one is a particularly important contributing factor in depression

Which of the following accurately describes evidence supporting the idea that dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a genuine psychological disorder?

The separate identities display different patterns of brain activation.

A therapist is considering prescribing either electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for his depressed patient. How do these two therapies compare to each other?

They act via different mechanisms and are appropriate for different types of patients.

What do the alternative biological (nondrug) treatments for psychological disorders primarily have in common?

They all attempt to directly alter brain functioning.

Based on the research on gender and depression, what suggestions would you make to therapists treating clients who are depressed

They should be aware that female clients often have multiple work and family responsibilities and that male clients may be reluctant to discuss their own depression.

Based on research, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur to a group of children taking stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

They will perform better both academically and socially.

Which of the following best supports the idea that obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to operant conditioning?

Tom experiences relief whenever he checks the locks, so he checks the locks whenever he is anxious.

A drug representative who works for the company that makes Prozac has to make a pitch to a group of doctors regarding the use of Prozac for adolescent depression. What is the most accurate statement the drug representative could make?

Yes, Prozac may increase suicidal thinking, but suicide rates have actually decreased since serotonin reuptake inhibitors were introduced.

Imagine you have a twin that has major depressive disorder. Are your chances of developing this disorder influenced by whether you are an identical or a fraternal twin?

Yes, because your chances are much greater if you are an identical twin.

Jonas and Yitzhak both have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Jonas is taking a stimulant medication, and Yitzhak is undergoing behavioral therapy. In three years, the boys will be tested for symptoms of the disorder. What are the most likely outcomes?

Yitzhak will improve more slowly at first, but after three years he will exhibit fewer symptoms than Jonas.

Depression is said to be the common cold of mental disorders. If depression is the common cold, then persistent depressive disorder is

a constant runny nose.

Juan-Carlos has autism spectrum disorder. When he watches television, what is he most likely to focus on?

a group of boxes stacked behind the host of the program

John has been hearing voices and believes that people are "after him." John needs medication to control his delusions and hallucinations. Which kind of mental health professional should John find?

a psychiatrist

A friend reports that he is constructing a fear hierarchy regarding his fear of heights for use in his next therapy session. He is likely suffering from

a specific phobia.

A 2-year-old is shy and has an inhibited temperament. According to research, this child is at greatest risk for ________ later in life compared to a child who does not display this temperament

an anxiety disorder

In order to test whether a particular psychological treatment is effective, you would have to include

an experimental group that receives the treatment and a control group that receives a placebo.

Mindy is taking a psychotropic medication that increases the level of serotonin in her brain. She is likely taking a(n)

antidepressant.

What is the most effective treatment for moderate to severe depression?

antidepressants combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which personality disorder is characterized by a lack of empathy and remorse?

antisocial personality

Sam has spent most of the past decade in prison. In his first therapy session, he shows little remorse for his crimes and happily discusses how he uses bullying and manipulation to get what he wants. Sam would most likely be diagnosed with ________, and his therapist would most likely suggest ________.

antisocial personality disorder; inpatient group therapy

An intensive treatment for autism that is based on operant conditioning principles is

applied behavior analysis.

Strong evidence suggests that borderline personality disorder is

associated with a history of trauma or abuse.

Which of the following disorders involves a lack of meaningful social contact with other people?

autism spectrum

Researchers have found attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with volume reductions in the

basal ganglia.

In the long term, the most effective treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is

behavioral therapy.

A mental health provider is determining treatment for two patients. Patient A has schizophrenia and is being referred to a psychiatrist. Patient B has a mild eating disorder and is being referred to a clinical psychologist. Patient A will likely receive ________ treatment, and Patient B will likely receive ________ treatment.

biological therapy; psychotherapy

In order to correct her disruptive behavior, a young girl received ________therapy, which led to suffocation and caused her death.

birth simulation

Mandy cannot tolerate being alone and has strong negative emotional reactions whenever her relationships are disrupted. She often uses drugs or alcohol to help cope. Mandy would likely be diagnosed with ________ personality disorder.

borderline

Angie's relationships are full of drama and others think she is intense and unstable. She can be extremely loving but she can also quickly become angry and irrational. She would likely be diagnosed with

borderline personality disorder.

Shanaia is taking a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and engaging in intensive, long-term therapy for her psychological disorder. The therapy emphasizes reducing self-harming behaviors, exploring past traumatic experiences, and developing self-respect. Assuming that this is an effective treatment for her disorder, Shanaia most likely has

borderline personality disorder.

Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder

can be seen as early as age 1

Speech in people with schizophrenia

can shift rapidly between topics with no apparent logic

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are difficult to treat because they

care little about how others feel about their behavior.

Dr. Fields is assessing a client for major depressive disorder. Although the client exhibits significant depressive symptoms, they do not meet all the requirements for the disorder. Dr. Fields determines that the client does not have major depressive disorder. Dr. Fields follows the ________ approach to psychological assessment.

categorical

The drug Ritalin is a ________ that leads to ________ in some children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

central nervous system stimulant; increased attention

Dr. Prajna treats patients with anxiety disorders. She uses an evidence-based approach to guide her therapeutic techniques and medication choices. Accordingly, she is most likely to use ________ to treat her patient's anxiety disorders.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

For most anxiety disorders, evidence supports ________ as the most effective treatment.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Michale is seeing a psychologist because his parents are concerned he has an Internet addiction. He stays up for days at a time playing online and ignoring everyone around him. During his assessment, his psychologist will mainly rely on the section of the DSM-5 that focuses on

conditions in need of additional research.

Which of the following is an example of an externalizing disorder?

conduct disorder

Talisa is a college student and is seeking mental health services on her campus. She will most likely be seen by a(n)

counseling psychologist.

Sarah is a practicing clinical psychologist. She should expect to see more

depressed clients than bipolar clients.

Rashid is undergoing repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation to help reduce the symptoms of a psychological disorder. It is likely that Rashid has been diagnosed with

depression

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is an effective treatment for

depression.

To resolve some of the controversies surrounding the DSM-5 and personality disorders, Section II's alternative model

describes personality disorders as excessive personality traits that interfere with functioning.

Currently, the best approach to treating borderline personality disorder is

dialectical behavioral therapy.

Which type of dissociative disorder is characterized by the subjective experience of two or more distinct identities in an individual?

dissociative identity disorder

Psychotherapy for antisocial personality disorder appears to work best if it is

done on an inpatient basis or in a correctional facility.

Ramos has symptoms of panic disorder and has been prescribed Xanax, a benzodiazepine. Due to the medication, he is most likely to have side effects such as

drowsiness.

Psychotherapeutic treatments of adolescent depression are

effective but time consuming.

Insomnia can be a symptom of

either depression or mania.

Jung's severe depression has not responded to typical drug therapies. Jung's psychiatrist believes it is critical they start a new treatment that is both effective and fast-acting. His therapist will probably recommend

electroconvulsive therapy

The best way to think about positive symptoms of schizophrenia is that they are ________, whereas negative symptoms are ________.

excesses of normal behaviors; deficits in normal functioning

You are looking for a therapist to help reduce your obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. If you want to make sure the therapy is most effective, which two behavioral components should your therapist use?

exposure and response prevention

The study that compared the effects of drug treatment (clomipramine) and psychotherapy (exposure and response prevention) in obsessive-compulsive disorder found that

exposure and response prevention were more effective.

Hayley is going to a therapist to reduce her snake phobia. If she sees a behavioral therapist, the therapist is most likely to use

exposure therapy.

Doug's parents are concerned about his risk-taking behavior. He has admitted to using drugs and alcohol and gets into fights with authority figures at school. His therapist is likely to diagnose him with a(n) ________ disorder.

externalizing

The diathesis-stress model of mental disorders argues that

factors that impair our ability to cope with stress are the primary cause of mental disorders

Which of the following experiences is a symptom of a panic attack?

feeling like you are going crazy or dying

Jacob has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). His main symptoms include difficulty paying attention and lack of behavioral control. Jacob's symptoms are similar to those who have damage to their

frontal lobes

Which of the following anxiety disorders are the most different from each other?

generalized anxiety disorder and specific phobia

Jeremy thinks he has generalized anxiety disorder. He does not have a lot of money, is in need of social support, and desires a structured therapy setting. Jeremy's best choice for therapy would be ________ therapy.

group

The hypothesis that virus exposure may increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia

has been supported by research finding unique antibodies in individuals with schizophrenia

The role of hereditary factors in autism spectrum disorders

has recently been confirmed by twin studies.

Psychiatrists are unique among mental health professionals in that they

have a degree in medicine.

Dr. Malaise is conducting a randomized clinical trial examining whether cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective for depression. In this study, the control group will most likely

have sessions with a therapist in which the therapist will simply talk with them.

Children who are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often

have trouble keeping friends because they miss social cues.

According to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following is the diathesis component of a psychological disorder?

having close genetic relatives who experienced the same psychological disorder

Maria, age 8, has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Her family is told to expect which of the following symptoms?

ignoring social cues

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by

inattentiveness, restlessness, and impulsivity.

During a session, your patient with schizophrenia says, "On my way to work, I heard the chiming of the bell. You know, bell, nell, well, dell. The farmer and the dell, the farmer and the dell. Hi-ho-the dairy-o, the farmer and the dell." Your patient just exhibited a ________ known as ________.

loosening of associations; clang association

Manuela has a family history of schizophrenia. Although she had a relatively uneventful childhood and stable adult life, she is concerned that she will develop the disorder. According to the diathesis-stress model, Manuela has a ________ probability of developing schizophrenia because she ________.

low; is missing the stress component

When animals are unable to escape from an aversive situation, they show symptoms similar to

major depressive disorders.

Caroline uses an old grocery cart to collect cans, plastic bags, and newspapers from the street. She wears multiple layers of clothing even when it is hot outside. She frequently talks to herself in public. She is

manifesting positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Neurodevelopmental disorders should be considered within the context of normal childhood development. This means that they

may be normal behaviors for children at an earlier developmental stage.

The use of haloperidol and chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia

may produce motor side effects resembling those observed in Parkinson's disease

Taliq, a 12-year-old, is showing symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The first-line treatment for Taliq would typically be ________. However, ________ is also recommended because its effects tend to be more long lasting

medication; behavior therapy

Which of the following are all symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

nightmares, flashbacks, and intrusive thoughts

Whenever Justin leaves his house, he turns back several times to make sure the door is locked. Every evening he cleans his entire apartment, even when it is not dirty. Justin is likely suffering from

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Cruz is a generally unhappy person. He rarely smiles or gets excited about anything. His family says he has been this way most of his adult life. Cruz would most likely be diagnosed with ________ disorder.

persistent depressive

Which of the following is categorized as a depressive disorder?

persistent depressive disorder

Arianna has stopped washing her hair, going to the grocery store, going to work, and talking to people. Several of her friends and family members are concerned about these changes. Based on this information alone, which criterion for a psychological disorder does Arianna NOT meet?

personal distress

Depressed individuals tend to attribute negative outcomes to ________ and positive outcomes to ________.

personal shortcomings; luck

According to the textbook, the prognosis for an autistic child is

poor in general.

The antipsychotic medication chlorpromazine reduces

positive symptoms of schizophrenia but has a strong sedating effect.

A false sensory perception experienced without external sources is a ________ symptom referred to as a ________.

positive; hallucination

Delusions are a ________ symptom and social isolation is a ________ symptom of schizophrenia.

positive; negative

A woman says, "The eagle takes flight at three o'clock and flies here from General Electric. I get my check from the eagle; he goes from the mailbox to make a payment. He's a secret spy for my husband and makes a shotgun sound." This woman is displaying a ________ symptom of ________.

positive; schizophrenia

Ever since Raj was a child, his family has pushed him to become a doctor. This has always conflicted strongly with his own desire to pursue music and dance. As an adult, this conflict continues to cause severe distress as he relives these childhood experiences and has difficult interpersonal relationships within his family. Raj's problems might best be treated by ________ therapy

psychodynamic

Which of the following is a clear biological mechanism related to antisocial personality disorder?

reduced overall arousal

Which of the following therapy techniques would be most effective in encouraging an autistic child to make appropriate eye contact with a therapist?

reinforcement with food, where a therapist could give a small food reward each time the autistic child made appropriate eye contact

In behavior therapy, an important aspect of treatment is ________, and this is called ________.

reinforcing desired behaviors; behavior modification

One's chances of experiencing major depression are

roughly 15 percent during one's lifetime.

As a child, Willey was awkward in social situations and typically responded with extreme negative emotions. Kids teased him for his strange facial expressions and odd behaviors. These early behaviors increase the likelihood that he will be diagnosed with ________ as an adult.

schizophrenia

Dr. Black is assessing a new patient. The patient rarely responds to questions, does not make eye contact, and speaks in a flat and unemotional voice. Dr. Black will likely diagnose his patient with ________ based on ________.

schizophrenia; negative symptoms

Which of the following is a known environmental influence on schizophrenia?

season in which you were born

Which of the following drugs is most effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Dillon has major depressive disorder. Dillon would most likely benefit from a medication that increased which type of neurotransmitter?

serotonin

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) reduce depression symptoms by increasing the availability of ________ by ________.

serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine; inhibiting an enzyme that breaks them down

Psychologists have noted that some mental disorders are more common among lower socioeconomic groups. Which model of mental illness most directly accounts for this observation?

sociocultural

Which of the following disorders is probably LEAST disruptive to daily life?

specific phobia

If you experience intense, uncontrollable fear when you encounter or think about a certain object, you would probably be diagnosed with

specific phobia.

Virtual environments or virtual realities are useful in treating

specific phobias.

In some cultures, it is more acceptable to say a person is experiencing "strain and tension" than to say the person "is depressed." Accordingly, it is likely that these cultures probably have

stigma attached to psychological disorders.

Jaleesa thinks she may be depressed and decides to seek professional help. The psychologist starts by asking, "What kind of work do you do?" and proceeds to ask a series of standard questions, in order, about different possible symptoms. The psychologist is using a(n) ________ approach to interviewing.

structured

A new initiative by the National Institute of Mental Health called Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) focuses on

studying domains of functioning across disorders.

In therapy, Constanza explores how her role in the family affects how they treat her. She begins changing some of her interpersonal behaviors and now her parents treat her with more respect. Her therapist most likely takes a ________ approach to therapy.

systems

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder

tend to improve after age 40 without therapeutic intervention.

Based on what is known about the demographics of depression, which of the following issues is likely to come up most frequently in sessions with depressed clients?

the multiple demands of work and family life, and the interaction between these areas

Which of the following distinguishes bipolar I from bipolar II disorder?

the severity of the impairments to daily life that result from manic episodes

The fact that more antidepressants have been prescribed to adolescents in recent decades while the adolescent suicide rate has gone down suggests that

there may be a relationship between antidepressant use and lower suicide rates.

To alleviate your depression, your therapist asks you to keep a diary of all your negative thoughts, when they occurred, and how they made you feel. What is your therapist's goal for this assignment?

to identify problematic thought patterns so they can be modified

People suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are

typically aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is

usually connected to severe childhood abuse.