psych final (all tests)
what is the optimal learning time for language acquisitions?
0-12 years
who coined the term "operant" to refer to behavior that acts on or operates on the environment to produce consequences?
BF skinner
of the following_______is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
which of the following is true about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
MRI provides static pictures and it is very useful for looking at structures and abnormalities in structures
to remember the four bases found in DNA-thymine, guanine, adenine and cytosine- luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself " the girl ate cookies" which of the following did like use in this scenario?
a mnemonic device
in terms of the nature -nurture debate, psychologists contemporary view is that human behavior is :
a product of the interdependence between biology and experience
when samantha meets brenda, who has a laid-back attitude and long hair, she promptly concludes that brenda is from california even before interacting with her. however, there are many english women who have a laid-back attitude and long hair. on what is samanthas initial judgement based on?
a representative heuristic
an______is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds.
association
the myelin sheath insulates the _____so that the impulse travels more efficiently and strengthens the connection to adjacent neurons
axon
rita conducts a study in which she videotapes college students interacting with each other before and after preforming a series of cognitive tasks that were presented as a an "intelligence tests that cab affect your college tuition charges" she then has a careful trained team observe and record the participants actions noting visible signs of anxiety in particular. what type of measure best describes the one used by rita?
behavioral
who among the following argues that humans are born with an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language?
chomsky
the string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember. but breaking them up into 1774, 999, 1941 in a process called________ makes it easier.
chunking
dr. hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. which of the follows types of psychologists is she most likely to be?
cognitive
______is the study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems.
cognitive psychology
which of the following is the correct list of criteria necessary for modeling behavior or occur according to bandoras theories on social learning
conditioned stimulus , unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response and unconditioned response
darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time darren smells a cheeseburger, he feels nauseous. in this scenario, what is darren experiencing?
conditioned taste aversion
in research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity. thus, _______is maintained.
confidentiality
the tendency to selectivity attend to information that supports ones general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts ones beliefs is known as________
confirmation bias
nancy is a 4 month old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh" until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. nancy is said to be in the________ stage of language development.
cooing
in the 17th century,________proposed the view that the mind and body were separate entities.
descartes
in single-blind studies, participants________
do not know the experiment condition to which they have been assigned
the best way to lessen the effects of experimenter expetanct is to design a study that uses _____
double blind methods
meta-analysis is a wualntitative method for combining the results of all the polished results of one research question and drawing a conclusion based on the entrie set of studies. to do a meta-analysis, a researcher convert the findings of each study into a standard statistic known as_______
effect size
julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. this is an example of________
episodic
________increase the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire
excitatory neurotransmitters
which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
Saying "no!" sharply, when a pet jumps on a guest
what role do hormones play in the body?
They carry messages to tissues and organs all over the body to regulate body functions
which of the following psychologists founded the movement known as psychoanalysis
freud
a(n) _______is a small segment of DNA that contains information for producing proteins>
gene
wilhem wundt is credited with:
giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology
neuroscientists conducted research with taxicab drivers in london. the found that the taxicab drovers who are required to learn and navigate large areas of london has a _______which was larger than that of other drivers.
hippocampus
self-reports provided via interviews and questioners are limited by_____
expense
by pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear of response to the light when the light is flashed amidst darkness. what is the conditioned stimulus in this study?
flashing light
which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?
food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers
neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. he is subsequently asked to recall the numbers. neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his_______memory.
iconic
where is the somasotary cortex?
in the parietal lobes
reflexes are:
inborn and involuntary behaviors that are elected by very specific stimuli
________allow us to determine how likely it is the two or more samples came from the same population.
inferential statistics
which of the following is true with respect to albert bandoras social learning theory?
it noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.
which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis?
language determines are was of thinking and our perceptions of the world
after three-month old sayer watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her ow tongue too. it is likely that______neurons are involved in her learning to imitation of this behavior.
mirror
the beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. the removal of the annoying beeping is _______for fastening the seat belt.
negative reinforcement
experienced based changes in the nervous systempccur in several ways. the most common are_____
neurogenesis, arborization, and synaptogenisis
________are the cells that process and transmit information throughout the nervous system
neurons
low levels of dopamine can result in problems with voluntary muscle control. this is because dopamine is a _______which plays an important role in involuntary muscle control.
neurotransmitter
information is transmitted between neurons by means of chemicals called_______
neurotransmitters
visual imagery is processed in which region of the brain?
occipital lobe
identical twins develop from_______whereas fraternal twins develop from__________
one fertilized egg that splits off into two independent cells. two different ova fertilized by two different spermatozoa
substance use and abuse can be learned through
operative conditioning
informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that the
participant knows his or her role in the study and understands the risks and benefits
______can be defined as measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determined the changes in psychological state.
physiological measures
the hypothalamus controls the ______which is responsible for producing and controlling hormones our bodies produce
pituitary gland
the corpus callosum:
provides a channel for communication between the two cerebral hemispheres
james has received training in medicine and has an MD degree, in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. based on this information, it can be concluded that james is a_____
psychiatrist
psychology can be considered as a modern empirical science because:
psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data.
vera is observing high school students use of Facebook and Skype. her purpose is to see how these students perceive information who they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. she is most likely a student of:
psychology
derricks mother gave him $10 because he got an A on his math test. he studies hard for his next math test because he wants his mother to give him another $10. in this scenario, the money is serving as an
reinforcer
jiao is trying to remember where she placed the recipe for a birthday gift she bought for her mother. in which stage of long-term memory processing is jiao engaged?
retrieval
any sensation one receives activates_______which take the message to the brain for processing
sensory neurons
what part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it?
short-term memory
learning occurs when information moves from
short-term to long-term memory
miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident that he burned whatever he was cooking. what is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long term memory for miguel?
storage, visuospatial loop, encoding, recall
the _______recieves input from the ears, eyes, skin, or taste buds and relays sensory information part of the cerebral cortex most responsible for processing that specific kind of sensory information
thalamus
in operant conditioning the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates
the addition of a stimulus
_______ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness.
the availability heuristic
thorndikes law of effect states that______
the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
psychologists use a standardized reference when diagnosing psychological disorders called
the diagnostic and statistical manual
adititis mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocer store. once admit reached the store, she could only remember items from the end of the list. this phenomenon is called:
the recency effect
the mean score of a batch of students for the midterm exam was 78.2 and the standard deviation was 15.8. the batches mean score on the final exam was 81.3 with a standard deviation of 4.5. based on these statistics, which of the following can be interpreted?
there was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than the final exam.
which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies?
they can hear more sounds than their parents can
which of the following is true of moods?
they last longer than most other emotions
how did kahneman and tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make?
they showed that people are not always rational in their decision making
after surgical removal of his hippocampus, henry malarian (H.M) was_______
unable to form new memories
during the classic study of the power of conditioning techniques, john b watson and rosalie rayner conditioned little albert to develop a fear of________
white fluffy objects
andys father moved to the united states 12 years ago. andy moved to the united states from italy with his mother eight years ago when he was six and his sister was thirteen. who among the following is likely to have the least strength of accent while learning to non-native language (english)?
andy, a child is a better time to speak a second language without an accent
sports are physical activities that require skill, strength, agility, and strategy. they often involve compitition between two or more individuals or teams. thus, cognitive psychologists would say that baseball, football, etc. would be labeled as a_______
category
in alan baddeleys model of short-term memory, the________decides where to focus attention and selectivity hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.
central executive
which of the following best describes child-directed speech?
changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation.
which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?
conjunction fallacy
for which stage of long-term memory formation is sleep vital?
consolidation
while working on his post doctoral thesis, simon reads several scientific articles and careful analyzes and evaluates the conclusion based on the facts of evidence at hand. he then makes sound judgements based on his own research and previous researches, both which are validated through repeated experiments. which of the following is simon doing?
critical thinking
neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. on the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. in which of the following is neil engaged?
deductive reasoning
in a descriptive research design, a researcher will:
define a problem and variable of interest
in pavlov classical conditioning experiment, the dogs gradually stopped salivating to the bell once they learned that the bell wasn't accompanied by meat powder. this phenomenon is an example of_______.
extinction
what happened when phinease gage sustained an injury to his frontal lobes from being shot through the head with an iron bar in a railroad accident?
his personality changed
which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a cognitive psychologist?
how do people visualize objects in their mind
developmental psychology can be best describes as the study of:
how thought and behavior change and show stability across a lifespan
the______is the middle score, which separates the lower half of the scores from the upper half
median
denji, a 44 year old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing the road. he suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. his father confirms that it did, indeed happy, but they never discussed it with denji. psychologists would call this an example of a(n)
recovered memory
stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are topics most likely to be studied by________
social psychologists
kelly, who is blind, wants to turn on the fan in her room. she searches for the switch on the wall and turns it on. kelly knew when her hand found the fans switch because the _______relayed this information to her brain.
somatic nervous system
_______as a defense mechanism, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening or disturbing thoughts feelings or impulses out of consciousness
sublimation
_______occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source.
suggestibility
the main function of the _______ is activating the body in times of emergency, for example, by increasing the heart rate, dilating the pupils of the eyes, or inhibiting digestion
sympathetic nervous system
when an electrical impulse reaches the terminal button, it triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the gap between neurons known as the ______
synaptic cleft
which of the following best describes mental rotation?
the process of imagining an object rotating in three demential space.
today, _________insitituational review board (IRBs) evaluate proposed research before it is conducted to make sure that research involving humans does not cause undue harm or distress.
to ensure adherence to ethical guidelines
______consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present
visual imagery
as per criteria laid out by pavlov, in which of the following instances is stimulus-response conditioning between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) LEAST likely to occur?
when UCS precedes the neutral stimulus
which of the following can be described as a serial position effect.
when learning a list of items, people are able to recall all the items in serial order.
