Psych Final Exam Review

Who argued for the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?

Charles Darwin

Nikolas watched his older sister throw the ball one summer afternoon. After dinner, Nikolas' parents saw him go outside and start throwing the ball, just like his older sister. This best illustrates

observational learning

What may be considered a disadvantage of using deception in psychological research?

All of these may be considered disadvantages to using deception in psychological research.

While reading a magazine, Jordan sees an advertisement claiming that a new weight-loss pill will help anyone lose weight without exercising. The advertisement includes a picture of a woman when she had obesity and another picture of her looking thin and fit. Though the pictures are very compelling, Jordan knows that she needs to examine advertisements critically. Which of the following questions BEST represents critical thinking?

Are there other possible explanations for the woman's weight loss, other than the pill being advertised?

Ashton wants to study butterflies using the scientific method. What are three steps in the scientific method?

Ashton, watching the butterflies, notices a phenomenon in their feeding behavior;Ashton makes a logical educated guess to predict the butterflies' future behavior;Ashton tests his prediction by recording objective information on the butterflies.

Multiple-intelligences approaches have caused teachers to think differently about their students' learning styles. Identify which statement summarizes this effect.

Because of various learning competencies, teachers have begun to assess learning by evaluating student portfolios.

You feel fine as you sit down in your usual seat in psychology class. However, when the professor announces that there will be a pop quiz on over 100 of the most difficult vocabulary words covered in the last few class sessions, your heart starts pounding and you get a queasy feeling in your stomach. This reaction is most likely a(n)

CR

Sitting in the park one sunny day, Chaim notices that people who are walking dogs smile at him more often than people without dogs. Chaim concludes that people who own dogs are happier than those who do not own dogs. Based on the principles of psychological research, what is the biggest problem with Chaim's conclusion?

Correlation does not prove causation; the association may be spurious.

A researcher has designed a study to test the effects of different types of individual psychotherapy on people's levels of depression. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a cognitive-behavioral treatment group, a psychodynamic treatment group, or a no-treatment control group. The researcher then measures people's level of depression after the treatment. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Depression is the dependent variable; the treatment group is the independent variable.

Dr. Fasti is a professor at research university affiliated with a hospital. He is designing a study examining the role of social distancing, stay-at-home orders, the amount of social support, and the amount of people living in the same household on psychological distress among adults. Prior to conducting this study, he will need ____ in order to meet APA ethical standards.

IRB approval from the university

Why is psychology considered a science?

It involves the systematic observation of behaviors and mental processes.

A researcher conducted a study and found that individuals who held hostile attitudes toward people of different backgrounds were more likely to demonstrate an authoritarian personality. Which journal would most likely publish the findings of this study?

Journal of Personality

Psychology as a science began in the discipline of

Philosophy

____ makes it more likely that a behavior will continue or increase, while ____ makes it more likely that a behavior will decrease or stop.

Reinforcement; punishment

You are trying to use classical conditioning to teach your goldfish to come to the top of the tank to eat whenever you turn on the aquarium light. You drop food into the tank and turn on the light. After several such trials, the fish show no more inclination to come to the top of the tank when the light is turned on than they did on the first trial. How could you improve your training technique?

Turn on the light before you drop the food into the tank.

In classical conditioning situations, the ____ connection is innate, but the ____ connection is learned.

US-UR; CS-CR

Albert Bandura's social learning theory has been used to understand television viewing and aggression. A theory, in this example, can be defined as

a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempt to explain observations and make predictions about aggressive behavior.

In which of the following sources might you expect to find the most objective and reliable information about the effects of opioids?

an academic peer reviewed journal

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what type of intelligence would be needed to calculate a mathematical problem?

analytical

________ is a type of intelligence that explains the ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept.

bodily kinesthetic

Caitlin is interested in how teenage mothers cope with stress. She wants to start by finding one teenage mother and interviewing her about her goals, fears, and hopes for the future. With that information, she hopes to question a larger sample of teenage mothers on the age of their child and their overall stress level. Once she has that information, she hopes to develop a therapeutic technique to help reduce that stress. She would test that method by randomly assigning a set of mothers to undergo therapy and compare their end stress level with a group of mothers who would not undergo treatment. Caitlin's plan seems to involve conducting a _____, followed by a(n) _____, and ending with a(n) _____.

case study; correlational study; experiment

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, is a comprehensive manual that lists the diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It provides a common language for the objective diagnosis and assessment of mental disorders. This resource will most likely be on the bookshelf of

clinical psychologists

Cerys has read all the books on mythology in his school's library, and he is intrigued by how the stories all seem to have similar elements and themes. In each story there is a hero and a villain, a damsel in distress, a wise old man or woman to guide the hero, and a funny sidekick. Jung would tell Cerys that the commonalities are there because the story creators were all tapping the

collective unconscious

Amelia was raised in a low-income environment by a single mother. She went through tremendous hardships in her life simply because of the neighborhood and circumstances in which she was raised. As an adult, Amelia wants to implement and develop intervention programs so that children growing up in similar environments today have less of a struggle. Amelia should look into

community psychology

Through classical conditioning, the stimulus that does not initially elicit an unconditioned response is known as

conditioned

For pairing to work within classical conditioning, which two factors are needed?

contiguity and contingency

Carice gives her dog, Rascal, a treat each time Rascal sits on command. This is an example of

continuous reinforcement.

A psychologist who explores the differences in the use and meanings of emoticons in text messages in South Africa, Japan, and Norway is most likely a ______ psychologist.

cross-cultural

If an intelligence test asks questions that would more likely be familiar to a person living in a city than to a person living in the country, the test is

culturally biased

Naturalistic observation, survey research, and case studies are ____ research.

descriptive

After extensive training, Carice's dog, Rascal, sits when Carice says "sit" and barks when Carice says "speak." Initially, Rascal sat down whenever Carice said either "speak" or "sit." Rascal is now demonstrating

discrimination

Your boss called you into into a private office and told you that you are a bad employee and will be fired if you don't show improvement. Although you wanted to argue that you are a good employee, you held your tongue to avoid getting into even more trouble. When you got home, your brother had left his backpack on the floor and you almost tripped. You exploded at your brother. Your behavior is an example of

displacement

An important feature of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test is its ____, or the frequency of various scores on a scale.

distribution

Which of the following is a method the participant might undergo if part of a structuralist experiment?

documenting participants' descriptions of their feelings while listening to a particular song

Which personality structure did Freud believe was responsible for creating defense mechanisms?

ego

The belief that the human species can be improved through selective breeding is known as

eugenics

The scientific method requires

evaluation of conclusions drawn.

Paxton has difficulty meeting women. Whenever his friends point out a woman they think he should approach, he finds himself thinking about how she will probably reject him. As a result, he rarely meets new people, and he complains to his friends that women don't like "nice guys." A cognitive psychologist would probably say that Paxton should

examine his thoughts and actions to see what keeps him stuck in this pattern.

true or false: According to research, there is no difference between learning from experience and learning from observation.

false

true or false: creative is on the Wechsler intelligence scale

false

true or false: generalization is one of the processes involved in observational learning

false

true or false: the idea of free will is associated with Skinner

false

During the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, Anna purchased a paint-by-number painting kit. She had always wanted to learn to paint, and she figured she would start small. What she didn't realize was how much she enjoyed doing the paint-by-number, mixing colors and matching the colors to the numbers. She would become completely engrossed with the project and lose track of time. She was completely involved, feeling elated. This phenomenon is known as

flow

Which is not considered a contemporary approach to Psychology?

functionalism

Carice's dog, Rascal, sits whenever she says, "Sit." Carice now wants to teach Rascal a new trick. She wants to teach him to bark each time she says, "Speak," but whenever Carice says, "Speak," Rascal sits. The dog has _______ the words "speak" and "sit" to mean the same thing.

generalized

Allie has developed a theory concerning test grades. She posits that there is a relationship between her frequency of study and the resulting grade. In order to test her theory, she has to generate a(n)

hypothesis

Joaquin has been assigned a primary research project in his psychology class. For the first step in the scientific methodology, he is to observe student behavior during a learning task and then attempt to form a(n)

hypothesis

Minority stress theory maintains that health and mental health outcomes for LGBTQ populations can be largely explained by unique stressors that stem from a hostile environment that often results in discrimination and harassment. A researcher posits that the number of discriminatory events and level of perceived anti-LGBTQ bias are associated with substance use in the last year. This statement is a

hypothesis

Olivia and Alma are talking about dreaming one day after their psychology class. Most mornings Olivia doesn't remember any of her dreams, but occasionally she has vivid recollections when she awakes. Alma says she has the same experience and wonders why. When they talk to friends about the phenomenon, they notice a pattern related to the stress of the previous day. They verbalize this pattern as, "If someone feels stressed out over something one day, then they are more likely to remember their dreams the following day." Olivia and Alma have just formed a

hypothesis

A film critic coded the movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" for latent psychodynamic themes. Ferris plays hooky from school one day. He seizes the day and lets his instincts guide him. The film critic coded Ferris representing the ____. Meanwhile, Sloane is the level-headed girlfriend. She always plays by the rules. The critic coded her representing the ____.

id;superego

Behaviors that are followed by a reward will increase in frequency, whereas behaviors that are followed by a punishment will decrease in frequency. This is known as the

law of effect

"a relatively permanent change in your behavior over time" describes what?

learning

At the beginning of this chapter, service dogs are described as vital assets for individuals with a variety of disabilities. Through the principles of ____, these dogs are highly trained and maximize their skills for the betterment of others.

learning

Through behaviorism, the process of conditioning involves

learning

___ is the intricate process by which behavior changes in response to circumstances.

learning

Of the four processes involved in observational learning, retention of the model's actions illustrates the connection between learning and

memory

A team of researchers is examining the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions for smoking cessation for adults 65 years and older. Dr. Frommer begins a literature search at three major library databases using keyword search terms. A total of 150 articles were found and 26 articles met the study's inclusion criteria. The team found moderate effect sizes and significant findings for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions targeted for adults 65 years and over. What type of study is being described?

meta-analysis study

When a teenager gets straight A's, their father buys them a new cell phone. This consequence is a

negative punishment.

Neuroscience is to ____ as psychodynamic perspective is to _______.

nervous system; unconscious

In order to develop ____ for a test, the test should be given to a large, representative group of people of various ages, races, sexes, and geographic locations.

norms

A ____ stimulus does not bring about a signal value or is considered meaningless unless it is paired to a conditioned stimulus.

nuetral

You're driving on the freeway when you see the car in front of you swerve to avoid a tailpipe in the road. You quickly change lanes to avoid hitting the tailpipe yourself. What have you experienced?

observational learning

Albert Bandura's classic Bobo doll study, in which a child punched a doll after seeing an adult do the same, was a demonstration of

observational learning.

In 1951, Henrietta Lacks, a Black American woman, was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Her cells from her cervix were taken for biopsy. She died 8 months later. It was discovered that her cancerous cells reproduced, and the medical community continued to use her cells for medical research many years later. Henrietta and her family did not know her cells were being used for research. What did the researchers fail to do?

obtain informed consent

Dogs are often used in airports to detect explosive materials and/or narcotics. Their trainers teach them to smell out a certain substance by rewarding them with treats for correctly identifying a substance. In what type of learning are the dogs engaging?

operant conditioning

In ____ learning, the person is relying on mental process while in ____ learning, the person is making a connection between two events

operant; classical

A researcher investigated adolescents' television viewing of popular prime time shows to determine whether there were gender differences in the portrayal of physical activity and reasons for engaging in physical activity. Physical activity was specifically described as any activity that causes breathing harder than normal. This specific description of the behavior to be studied is called a(n)

operational definition.

Hailie is writing a psychology research paper. She has collected research from the past three decades, which her professor says is fine. What is confusing for Hailie is that her articles say different things. She finally asks you why all of the research has been published if some of it is obviously wrong. You tell her that

part of the scientific process is testing and retesting a theory, to see if everyone gets the same results each time; if they don't, the research may not agree.

When you play a slot machine, you don't win every time you pull the lever. Instead, you win only occasionally. This is known as

partial reinforcement

Before a study begins, the researcher tells participants that the study will explore whether exposure to violent stimuli will result in less cooperation within a group. Which of the following should be a concern?

participant bias, experimenter bias, & ethics

Under which branch of psychology would the empirical study of resilience fall?

positive psychology

In a psychology class, every time students submit a late assignment, 10 points are deducted from their grade. In terms of operant conditioning, this consequence is considered a

positive punishment

Information that uses scientific language to explain phenomena but is not based on scientific research is known as

psuedoscience

Many educational training programs and school districts use the popular idea that people have different learning styles (visual, auditory, reading/writing, or kinesthetic) to tailor their teaching methods. For example, a teacher might utilize hands-on experiences to teach a kinesthetic learner. However, many studies have concluded that the match between instruction method and learning style has no impact on student learning. What does the use of learning styles describe?

psuedoscience

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)

psychiatrist

One day, a 41-year-old woke up with blurry vision. Within two hours, they were partially blind. Physicians ruled out any biological cause with CT scans and MRIs. The patient was referred to a psychiatrist with _____ training. This psychiatrist argued that the symptoms were a discharge of unconscious urge that could not be fulfilled. In essence, it is a symptom of _____.

psychodynamic; hysteria

Patterns in which behaviors will or will not be reinforced are called

schedules of reinforcement.

Amelia was walking through an Asian food festival in New York City. The bright colors of the fruits and the smells of dumplings, scallion pancakes, and chicken on skewers being cooked brought her back to her time when she travelled through Asia. Which specialization in psychology would focus on the ways in which such information is processed?

sensation and perception

Rewarding an animal for completing behaviors that are closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called

shaping

The notion that some species of animals learn in certain ways but not in others is an example of

shaping

What type of intelligence would likely be strongest for an architect who designs skyscrapers?

spatial

Every time a school psychologist assesses a client using an intelligence test, the psychologist follows the same procedures and protocols for administration. This means the test is

standardized

In which school of thought did researchers ask participants to report conscious thoughts they were experiencing?

structuralism

With which school of psychology is Wilhelm Wundt associated?

structuralism

If you were a psychologist who was labeled a structuralist, you would be interested in the ____ of the mind, using ____ as your primary research method.

structure; introspection

You lend a friend some money but the friend doesn't pay you back when they said they would. Though you feel angry, your parents taught you that it is rude to yell or say anything that might upset someone else. Therefore, you pretend you are not angry and ask the friend to pay you back in a month. Freud would say that your _____ told you that you shouldn't show anger towards others.

superego

A market-research firm calls you on the phone and asks you a series of questions about your attitudes toward exercise. The market-research firm is conducting a(n)

survey

A researcher is examining the extent to which there are differences between two different groups in the ability to forgive. What type of statistical analysis will the researcher conduct?

t-test

Tamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She noticed that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus?

the cat coming to the kitchen

Which approach would explain depression in terms of faulty or maladaptive thinking?

the cognitive approach

When a child hears a loud noise, they cry. The family's dog often barks loudly. Each time the child sees the dog, the child cries. What is the conditioned response?

the crying

A psychologist is attempting to understand why certain physical characteristics are rated as attractive. The psychologist explains that certain characteristics have been adaptive in the past, and thus are considered attractive. This explanation is consistent with which of the following approaches?

the evolutionary approach

Contingency in classical conditioning refers to

the frequency with which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur together.

Which of the following would a sociocultural psychologist be likely to study?

the impact of media messages on women's body image

A researcher asks the following research question for a study: "What is the relationship between amount of time spent on social media in the last month and severity of online addiction?" The statistical analysis shows a positive statistical relationship. Therefore, one can conclude that

the more time people spend on social media, the more severe their online addiction.

It has been proposed that students have difficulty returning to their academic schedule after a holiday or break. Specifically, it has been predicted that there will be more student absences on the Monday following spring break than on the Friday prior to spring break. The first statement describes the ____, while the second is the ____.

theory; hypothesis

Gary's son, Sam, is learning to drive. Each night, Gary takes Sam out in the family car for driving lessons. Gary notices that Sam improves more in lessons in which Gary is extremely critical. In fact, the more critical Gary is, the more Sam improves. After Sam gets his driver's license, Gary's wife, Chrissy, tells him that every time Gary was critical of Sam, she took him out so he could improve before his father's next lesson. What did Gary not consider in his original assessment?

third variable problem

Research participants were randomly assigned to the meditation (experimental) group or the wait list (control) group. They were asked to complete ten question item instrument on anxiety. What is the main purpose of randomly assigning research participants to either the experimental or control groups?

to ensure equivalent groups

true or false: classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

true

Watson and Rayner used a ____ as a CS in order to condition fear in Little Albert.

white rat