Psych Final Exam

5 factors that determine the effectiveness of respondent conditioning

1. The nature of the US and CS- the intensity of a stimulus influences the effectiveness of the stimulus as a CS or US 2. Temporal relationship between NS and US- the most effective, NS should precede the US 3. The contingency between the NS and the US- presented together on every trial 4. The # of pairings- more pairing= stronger conditioning 5. Previous exposure to CS- a stimulus is less likely to become a CS when paired with a US if the person had been exposed to that stimulus in the past w/o the US

A. critical feature of multiple-baseline designs is that A. Baselines differ in length B. treatment is staggared over time C. A and B D. None of these

A and B

Sam gets poor grades in school because he rarely studies. Sam's lack of studying is an example of: A. A behavioral deficit B. Avoidance C. Poor Motivation D. A Behavioral excess

A behavioral deficit

If Mary has a headache, the pain is lessened if she closes the blinds and make the room darker

AN

When a person engages in a problem behavior (taking drugs) and this behavior is reinforced by decreasing tension and anxiety that the people is feeling

AN

If a person strums a guitar a certain way and it makes a great sound, the person is more likely to strum the guitar that way again

AP

When an autistic child engages in a repetitive tapping of his pencil and this behavior is reinforced by the sound of the pencil hitting the table A. social positive Reinforcement B. automatic positive reinforcement C. social negative reinforcement D. automatic negative reinforcement

AP

A slap, a smile, and taking a toy away could be applied as consequences. Which could function as a punisher? A. A smile B. Only a slap C. A slap and taking away a toy D. All of these

All of these

In behavior modification, measurement of behavior is take: A. During intervention B. Before intervention C. Following intervention D. All of these

All of these

To determine whether a new drug decrease self-injurious behavior while giving a subject the drug on even numbered days and giving a placebo on odd numbered days for 2 weeks. This is an example of a(n)_____ A. Multiple baseline across settings B. Change in criterion C. alternating treatments D. multiple baseline across behaviors

Alternating treatments

When using a DRA procedure, the alternative behavior must: A. be functionally equivalent to the problem behavior B. require more response effort than the problem behavior C. be reinforced on an intermitent reinforcment schedule D. a and c

Be functionally equivalent to the problem behavior

Which of the following is NOT necessary for a graph to be complete A. Behavior change B. X and Y axis C. Data Points D. Phase lines

Behavior Change

Watson started a movement in psychology known as: A. behaviorism B. psychoanalysis C. existentialism D. experimental psychology

Behaviorism

The research design in which there ares increasing goal levels or the target behavior is referred to as a(n)____ design A. Changing Criterion B. ALT. Treatements C. A-B-A-B D. Multi. Baseline

Changing Criterion

All the reinforcement schedules that are in effect for a person's behavior at one time are referred to as ______________ schedules of reinforcement. A. Mixed B. Overlapping C. Simultaneous D. Concurrent

Concurrent

Mary was supposed to do her homework at the kitchen table in the evening. Frequently Mary talked to mom while she was supposed to be studying. Mom usually talked to Mary for a few minutes each time Mary spoke to her. Mom decided on a plan to get Mary to talk less while studying. Whenever Mary was studying, mom would praise her, but when Mary tried to talk to mom, mom would walk out of the room without responding to Mary

DRA

Clare, a mentally retarded woman working in a workshop, got up and went to the 5 or 6 times each morning and 5 or 6 times each afternoon. She recently had a physical, so there was no medical problems. The supervisor implemented a program in which Claire earned a token if she went to the bathroom no more than 2 times in the morning and not more than 2 times in the afternoon. She later trade her tokens in for back up reinforcers.

DRL

Mary's parents are trying to decrease the number of times that she feeds the family dog during the day. Mary's parents set a criterion level for the max number of times that she can feed the dog in a day, and if Mary's parents achieves this level she gets a story read to her at bedtime Which type of differential reinforcement are Mary's parents using A. DRO B. DRA C. DRL D. DRC

DRL

A reinforcer is delivered at the end of 10 minutes if the behavior did not occur in the interval

DRO

Tony, a four year old boy, frequently squirmed in church and disrupted the people sitting near him. Dad decides to use differential reinforcement. When they first got to church, dad told Tony if he didn't squirm, he could earn stickers. Once church started, dad gave tony a sticker after every 10 Minutes

DRO

Which of the following is NOT used in indirect assessments A. Direct B.Rating Scales C. Questionnaires D. Interviews

Direct

Bill keeps track of the amount of time he studies each day. Which dimension of behavior is Bill recording? A Latency B Duration C Frequency D Intensity

Duration

Sunny cried and screamed when her mom was on the phone, and her mom usually got off the phone right away to see what's wrong, calm Sunny down, and comfort her. To try to get Sunny to stop screaming and crying when she was on the phone, the mom had Sunny sit in her room by herself whenever she started to scream and cry. What procedure was used?

EXT

Whenever Matt is told to run laps during basketball practice, he complains to the coach that he is too tired in order to get out of running. The coach starts making him run the laps anyway, and eventually Matt stops complaining about being too tired when he is told to run. This is an example of: A. Punishment B. Spontaneous Recovery C. Extinction of a positively reinforced behavior D. Extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior

Extinction of a positively reinforced behavior

A researcher records a child's crying behavior when the child is at school and when the child is at home and provides treatment at school then at home. The researcher is using a(n)______ design A. Multi baseline across behaviors B.Multi baseline across settings C. Changing criterion D. A-B-A-B

Multi baseline across settings

The behavior of looking at the clock during a 50 minute lecture is reinforced by you being allowed to leave after 50 minutes.

FI

The cheese-sample lady comes to caters and gives samples from 11-12 each day. You being reinforced with a sample of cheese is on what schedule

FI/LH

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement would produce the longest post-reinforcement schedule A. FR 30 B. FR 1 C. VR 260 D. FR 250

FR 250

Post-reinforcement pauses are typically seen in____ schedules A. Interval B. Variable C. Ratio D. Fixed

Fixed

A reinforced is delivered if the behavior occurred fewer than 5 times in the class period

Full-Session DRL

Why are functional assessments conducted. 3 types for conducting a functional assessment (which can establish a functional relationship)

Functional assessments are conducted in order to find the desired reinforcement of the individual with the problem behavior. There are there's method for conducting a function assessment. One would be indirect assessments. Indirect assessments are done by interview or questionnaires by individuals close to the subject. Least effective because results are from memory and can be easily biased. Another method is direct assessment of ABC assessments. These are done by directly observing the subject and determining the reinforcement of the problem behavior. Both indirect and direct assessment methods do not show a functional relationship. The last method is functional analysis which does show a functional relationship. This is when the observer manipulates the behavior or reinforcements to the hypothesis. This then shows how the behaviors and reinforcements are related

The ____ pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus has the single strongest effect on respondent condition A. initial B. final C. second D. next to last

Initial

Mary's parents are concerned about he screaming. If the loudness of Mary's screams is what they are interested in, this would be an example of: A. Latency B. Intensity C. Frequency D. Duration

Intensity

An observer divides an observation period into a number of consecutive time periods, and records if the target behavior occurred during each period. This is called ______. A. continuous recording B. time sample recording C. Interval recording D. Product recording

Interval Recording

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a contrived setting A. It provides a more representative sample of the target behavior B. It is easier to manipulate variables that affect behavior C. It is easier to control the situation during an observation D. All of these

It provides a more representative sample of the target behavior

When Tommy's Mom asks him to stop playing video games he ignores her. When she asks him a second, third, and fourth time in a louder voice Tommy continues to ignore her. By the fifth time, Tommy's Mom screams at him to stop playing video games, and he finally stops. Eventually, Tommy's Mom has to yell at him ten times before he quits playing video games. In this example, whose behavior has been shaped? A. Tommy's B. Mom's C. Both D. Neither

Mom's

Compare and contrast negative reinforcement and negative punishment. (Examples)

Negative reinforcement- (escape and avoidance)- (socially awkward person escapes from the party the first time, and then the next time doesn't even attend which is avoidance) negative reinforcement A type of reinforcement in which the occurrence of the behavior is followed by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus. It results in increase in the future probability of the behavior. Negative punishment- (taking away an appetitive stimulus such as like taking away a car when you get bad grades). type of punishment in which the occurrence of a behavior is followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus. It results in decrease in the future probability of the behavior.

Jerry wants to improve his studying. He observes and records the times when he studies. Observing and recording your own behavior is called: A. Direct recording B Self-Monitoring C. Private observation D. Independednt recording

Seld-monitoring

An important figure in the development of behavior modification who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus: A. Skinner B. Freud C. Pavlov D. Thorndike

Pavlov

A vertical line on a graph indicating a change in treatment is called a A. Baseline B. Phase line C. Treatment line Time line

Phase Line

Andrew wants to play baseball with his friends. Before Andrew can play, his parents tell him that he has to clean his room, which he hates to do. Requiring Andrew to clean his room before he can play baseball with his friends is an example of: A. Premack principle B. punishment C. negative reinforcement D. unconditioned reinforcers

Premack principle

Which produces faster responding ratio or interval schedules? Why?

Ratio schedules

Matthew frequently hits other children during class. However, he never hits other kids when he knows the teacher is observing him. This is an example of: A. Behavior Modification B. Controlled behavior C. Self-Monitoring D. Reactivity

Reactivity

If a student lies to his or her teacher about being sick and the teacher lets the student our of class during his class project, the student is more likely to lie about being sick when the project was too

SN

When a problem behavior is reinforced by a teacher terminating a task A. social positive Reinforcement B. automatic positive reinforcement C. social negative reinforcement D. automatic negative reinforcement

SN

If a child engages in a problem behavior in a store (tantrums) and the parent gives the child candy, the child is more likely to engage in the problem behavior in the store

SP

If a person tells outrageous stories because his friends give him substantial attention when he tells the stories, telling outrageous stories

SP

A reinforcer is delivered if the behavior occur at least 10 minutes after the last instance of that behavior

Spaced responding DRL

Is the process in which a person has not expected a reinforcer for a long time, and the reinforcer is more effective

Spontaneous recovery

If an observation period is divided into a number of time periods, and the behavior is recorded during only part of each interval is called _____ recording A. Product B. Interval C. Continuous D time sample

Time sample recording

Cindy bites her nails but wants to stop. The behavior she wants to change (biting her nails) is called the: A. Independent variable B. Negative behavior C. Target behavior D. controlling variable

Target Behavior

Gradually reducing the rate at which a behavior is reinforced

Thinning

Melissa gets upset and throws one of her toys against the wall. Her dad then removes her from the toy room and place her in the hall for a brief first period of time. As a result the probability of Melissa's throwing her toys decreases

Time Out

Are conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers

Tokens

In an A-B-A-B design, B refers to____ and A refers to____ A. Dependent variable: independent variable B. Treatment, Baseline C. Baseline, Treatment D.Baseline, Assessment

Treatment, Baseline

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal elicited by the female is a(n) A. US B. UR C. CS D. CR

UR

Reinforcement refers to positive reinforcers the innately reinforcing. These reinforcers are pretty much the same for everyone. No required for them to work as reinforcers

Unconditioned/primary

The behavior of pulling the rope to start the push mower is reinforced by the motor starting

VR

Which of the following behavioral principles is (are) involved in shaping A. extinction B. punishment C. reinforcement D. a and c

a and c

A prompt should be delivered ____________ the discriminative stimulus and ____________ the behavior. A. after, before B. before, after C. before, before D. after, after

after, before

When Matt goes to bed at night he is unable to fall asleep because he usually takes a nap in the evening. Matt stops taking naps so he can sleep at night. Which antecedent control strategy is Matt using to increase his desired behavior of getting more sleep at night? A. arranging establishing operations B. presenting the discriminative stimulus C. decreasing response effor D. removing the discriminative stimulus

arranging establishing operations

Which of the possible temporal relationships between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are least likely to be effective A. delay conditioning B. backward conditioning C. trace conditioning D. simultaneous conditioning

backward conditioning

The initial time interval that is selected for the DRO procedure should be A. one that is challenging for the individual to meet B. based on the baseline rate of behavior C. long enough so that it does not have to be adjusted D. all of these

based on the baseline rate of behavior

In order for respondent conditioning to be most effective, the neutral stimulus should occur ____________ the unconditioned stimulus occurs.​ A. after B. at the same time C. before D. more often than

before

The extinction process for a negatively reinforced behavior results in a(n)____ in blank positively reinforced behavior results in a(n)____ A. decrease, increase B. increase, decrease C. decrease, decrease D. increase, increase

decrease, decrease

Nicole wants to increase the amount of exercise that she gets. Nicole purchases a treadmill so that she will not have to drive all the way across town to exercise at the health club. Having a treadmill in her home so that she exercises more ofter in an example of A. decreasing response effort B. increasing response effort C. arranging establishing operations D. eliminating establishing operations

decreasing response effort

Which of the following will increase the effectiveness of DRO A. delivering the reinforcer when the behavior is absent only at the end of the interval B. delivering the reinforcer when the behavior is absent for the entire interval C. selecting an initial interval length longer than the baseline rate of behavior D. b and c

delivering the reinforcer when the behavior is absent for the entire interval

Andrea wants to start eating a healthier diet, but she is having problems because she likes to eat junk food while studying. Andrea starts eating regular meals so that she is never hungry and less likely to want junk food. Eating regular meals in order to make junk food less desirable is an example of ______ for competing behaviors. A. arranging an establishing operation B. eliminating an established operation C. increasing response effort D. removing the discriminative stimulus

eliminating an established operation

A student engages in disruptive behavior in the classroom in order to get attention from the teacher. In order to decrease the disruptive behavior, the teacher gives the student frequent attention so that receiving attention by engaging in disruptive behavior is less reinforcing. Which antecedent control strategy is the teacher using to decrease the student's disruptive behavior? A. removing cues for the problem behavior B. decreasing response effort C. removing the discriminative stimulus D. eliminating establishing operations

eliminating establishing operations

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of BMOD A. Precise description of procedures B. Focus is on behavior C emphasis on past events D. Procedures are based on behavioral principles

emphasis on past events

You identify the reinforcer to withhold in an extinction procedure by first conducting a A. task analysis B. functional assessment C. scatter plot assessment D. b and c

functional analysis

When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus due to pairing with an already established conditioned stimulus, it is called____ conditioning. A. first order B. higher order C. operant D. instrumental

higher order

A psychologist s working with a child who is disruptive in the classroom. The psychologist interviews the child's teacher to learn more about the disruptive behavior and the events that immediately precede and follow the behavior. Which method of conducting a functional assessment is the psychologist using A. experimental manipulations B, indirect methods C. direct observations D. ABD observation

indirect methods

extinction of a problem behavior will be more gradual when the behavior was reinforced on a _____ schedule A. intermittent B. continuous C.concurrent D. negative

intermittent

A track coach records the amount of time it takes a sprinter to start running once the gun has been sounded. The coach is recording the dimension of A. Frequency B. Latency C. Intensity D. Duration

latency

Thondike demonstrated that a behavior which produces a favorable effect on the environment will likely be repeated. This is known as A. Law of replication B. Law of behavior C. Law of causation D. Law of effect

law of effect

Which of the following is NOT true concerning BST A. new behavior is unlikely to continue unless it is reinforced B. it is used with individuals who do not need more intensive training procedures (chanting) C. it is used with individuals and groups D. modeling and instructions are usually sufficient for long term change

modeling and instructions are usually sufficient for long term change

To determine whether a new drug decreases self- injurious behavior, the researcher measures the self-injurious behavior of 3 children, then gives the drug to the first child after one week. After 2 weeks of baseline, the second child gets the drug and after 3 weeks of baseline, the third child gets the drug. This is an example of a(n)________ design. A. Change criterion B. Multiple baselines across subjects C. Alternating treatments D. Multiple baseline across behaviors

multiple baselines across subjects

When a desirable behavior results in escape or avoidance of an aversive stimulus but an undesirable behavior does not, it is referred to as differential A. negative reinforcement B. postive reinforcement C. negative punishment D. positive punishment

negative reinforcement

In which of the following situations would it be inappropriate to use chaining A. behavioral acquisition B. an individual is currently not capable of completing a task C. noncompliance D. a and b

noncompliance

Paul's shop teacher is teaching him how to use an electric sander. The shop teacher places his hands over Paul's and guides Paul through the correct motions. Hand-over-hand guidance is an example of a ____________ prompt. A. gestural B. modeling C. physical D. extra-verbal

physical

Bill wants to increase the amount of water that he drinks each day, so he keeps a filled water bottle on his desk at work. Bill also sets his watch to beep every hour to remind him to take a drink of water. Which antecedent control strategy is Bill using to increase his desired behavior of drinking water? A. removing the discriminative stimulus and cues B. presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues C. arranging establishing operations D. increasing response effort.

presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues

Which of the following procedures would be implemented last in an effort to decrease problem behavior A. extinction B. differential reinforcement C. punishment D. antecedent manipulations

punishment

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using BST in a group A. watching other members rehearse and receive feedback B. receiving reinforcement from other group members C. receiving individual attention from the trainer D. enhanced generalization

receiving individual attention from the trainer

In order for the behavioral chain to continue to occur, the last behavior in the chain must be ______. A. reinforced B. prompted C. generalized D. extinguished

reinforced

Tony wants to decrease his behavior of smoking, so he gets rid of all the cigarettes in his home. Tony also gets rid of his ashtrays and cigarette lighter and stops going to outdoor bars that are full of people who smoke. Which antecedent control strategy for decreasing a problem behavior is Tony using? A. arranging establishing operations B. removing establishing operations C. presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues D. removing the discriminative stimulus and cues

removing the discriminative stimulus and cues

When the behavior of one individual leads to the desired behavior of another individual discriminative stimulus it is called a ______ prompt A. antecedent B. stimulus C. behavioral D. response

response

Nicole comes home past her curfew, and is not allowed to use the car for a week. As a result, Nicole no longer comes home past her curfew. Which punishment procedure is illustrated in this example? A. extinction B. time-out C. negative reinforcement D. response cost

response cost

The application of aversive activities includes all of the following procedures except A. overcorrection B. response cost C. contingent exercise D. guided compliance

response cost

The outcome of each response in the behavioral chain serves as the ______ for the next response in the chain A. prompt B. s delta C. s(d) D. b and c

s (d)

What will happen if the CS is presented many times in the absence of the US A. the CS will elicit a CR B the CS will no longer elicit the CR C. the US will no longer elicit a UR D. b and c

the CS will no longer elicit the CR

Generalization from training sessions to natural situations is more likely to occur is A. training situations are similar to natural situations B. training occurs in a different context C. the learner practices in relatively easy situations D. all of these

training situations are similar to natural situations

Simulation that is painful to the body is an example of a(n)_____ stimulus. A. neutral B. conditioned C. unconditioned D. environmental

unconditioned

extreme cold and extreme levels of auditory stimulation are examples of A. conditioned reinforcer B. unconditioned punishers C. conditioned punishers D. unconditioned reinforcers

unconditioned punishers

Compared to first order conditioning, the CR produced by second order conditioning is A. stronger B. the same as C. weaker D. more important

weaker