PSYCH FINAL part 1

Child-directed speech

-speaking in a higher pitch -raising/lowing volume of voice -using simpler sentence structures -emphasizing here and now -using emotion to communicate messages

babbling stage

5 to 6 moths old

In the context of sleep disorders, which of the following is the cause of central apnea?

Abnormalities in brain structures that control breathing

"Case of Genie"

Case where young girl was locked in her room for 13 years of her life

Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing?

Conditioned taste aversion

Erika Hoff's environmental influences on language

Culture Socioeconomic status Birth order School and peers Television Parents

James has suffered a head injury while practicing skateboarding. He is immediately taken to the hospital where doctors rush him to the ER to look for any damage and abnormality in the structure of the brain and other soft tissues. Presently, they are just interested in looking at the structures and not interested in finding out anything about his brain activity. Which of the following techniques will most likely provide the required information?

Magnetic resonance imaging

Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's sample?

The chosen male and female college graduates

Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the group that receives the pills that do not contain the active ingredients is called the

control group.

A(n) ________ is defined as a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions.

experiment

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as

observational learning.

Yasmin no longer senses the sound of air conditioner as she sits in the classroom. She has stopped attending to its stimulation because she sits in the same classroom every day. Psychologists call this experience ________.

sensory adaptation

Jennifer is nearly two years old. Whenever her mother brings her toys, she looks at them with surprise. When her mother hides them, Jennifer believes that the toys no longer exist and stops looking for them. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, which of the following statements is true about this scenario?

Jennifer has not developed a sense of object permanence. Correct

Which of the following statements holds true when a person is fully awake?

The person experiences fluctuations in consciousness.

Josephine is in the garden picking out flowers of different hues to decorate her living room. She can distinguish between colors primarily due to the functioning of her eyes' ________.

cones

Nativist theory

-the idea that we discover language rather than learn it, that language development is inborn -the brain is wired for language acquisition -LAD

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

Growth of new neurons

Which of the following is true of the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin?

He was the first to distinguish thought disorders from the mood disorders of melancholia.

Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which one of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goals, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to conduct the test a few more times. What is the independent variable in Dr. Adriana's study?

The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the secondary reinforcer?

The words "good dog"

Human Language

an open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

circadian rhythm

Julie is a psychologist and she is conducting research on the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving. Based on this information we can say that Julie is a(n)

cognitive psychologist.

Juan, a psychologist, is studying participants' perceptions of the attractiveness of several deodorants in a laboratory. However, as he conducts his study, people are cooking their lunches in the cafeteria nearby, and the smells of onions and fish are making their way into the laboratory. Juan should stop his experiment for the day because the odors of the food is most likely a

confounding variable

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when, all of a sudden, something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because

environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are.

Sierra is 65 years old. She can vividly recall a certain event that took place when she was five years old. It was the day her father had come home for the first time in two years. She remembers running toward him as he walked in through the door wearing army overalls. Though this memory is from long ago, this image of her father is very strong in her mind. In the context of memory formation, Sierra's memory of her father can best be categorized as a(n)

flashbulb memory

Schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder are more likely to occur in infants

if the mother is malnourished during pregnancy.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a(n) ________ neurotransmitter.

inhibitory

Karolina can see only a part of a stack of books because a box is partially obstructing the view. Karolina, therefore, knows the box is in front of the stack of books. This cue to depth is known as ________.

interposition

During the process of reuptake, excess neurotransmitter ________.

is returned to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use

While driving on a highway, George sees a sign on a building that says "MO_EL." George knows that the building is a motel even though the sign is missing a letter because of the Gestalt ________.

law of closure

Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as ________.

linear perspective

After three-month-old Sayuri watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her own tongue, too. It is likely that ________ are involved in Sayuri's learning and imitation of this behavior.

mirror neurons

Janet, a nine-year-old, hears her father swearing at someone over the telephone. The next day, she imitates her father and swears at another child in the school. According to Albert Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of

modeling

Mirza states that people are all essentially the same at birth and that they are the product of their experiences. Mirza's statement reveals that he believes in the _________ of psychology.

nurture-only view

Nate was fined for parking his car in a no-parking zone. Thereafter, he stopped parking his car in no-parking zones. In this scenario, Nate received a(n)

positive punishment.

Mark has just completed an important project. Henry, his manager, walks up to Mark and says, "Good work, Mark. Keep it up!" Henry knows that praising employees for good work encourages them to strive to consistently perform better. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree. In addition to offering therapy, he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a

psychiatrist

Melinda sees a bear in the woods and becomes extremely scared. She decides to run away as fast as she can. When she gets home, she calms down because the bear did not follow her. In this situation, the ________ prepared Melinda's body to deal with this emergency, and the ________ relaxed her body after the crisis.

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Correlation coefficients tell us whether two variables (e.g., X and Y) relate to each other and that they range between -1.00 and +1.00. Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of

the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y.

Sociocultural Language acquistion Theory

we learn language from the people around us

when does the sensitivity period end?

when neural pruning and wiring have reached their peak (around 12)

Which of the following statements is true of progressive cycles during sleep?

With each progressive cycle, the non-REM periods are shorter and the REM periods longer.

cooing stage

first 6 months

Without the neurotransmitter ________, the central nervous system would have no "brakes" and could run out of control.

gamma-aminobutyric acid

The corpus callosum:

provides a channel for extensive communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.

Left hemisphere speech development requires _____ from environment to develop properly

stimulation

Does Wernicke's area or broca's area develop first?

wernickes

one-word utterance stage

12 months

two-word utterance stage

18 months

sentence phrases stage

2 1/2- 3 years

Susan was watching fireworks during the 4th of July celebration. She noticed that she always saw the crackers burst before she heard its sounds. Which of the following explains Susan's experience?

Sound waves travel much more slowly than light waves, allowing her to process the visual information before the auditory.

Grammar

The entire set of rules for a particular language

Harry is a taxicab driver. He knocks down a pedestrian unknowingly because he was reading a text message while driving. He gets a six-month jail term for this crime. Which of the following theories most likely explains Harry's behavior?

The perceptual load theory

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?

There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Which of the following statements regarding vision is true?

Visual perception happens in the brain, with input from the eye.

Farah suffers major brain trauma in a train crash. As a result, she can no longer form new memories. She can recall the memories of her life before the crash quite accurately, but she cannot remember any new people she meets or any experiences she has afterward. Farah's condition is known as

anterograde amnesia

Neuroscientists conducted research with taxicab drivers in London and found that taxicab drivers, who are required to have a tremendous amount of spatial and geographic knowledge, had a larger ________ than other drivers.

hippocampus

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?

integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together

Primatologist Chan Lee studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan can be best termed as a(n)

naturalistic observation.

The all-or-none principle states that:

once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does no

sensitivity period for language

-1 to about 12 years of age -Optimal language learning time -Severe lack of language exposure during this period may prevent language from ever fully developing -The case of "Genie"`

language acquisition device (LAD)

-Chomsky's term for an innate biologically based capacity to acquire language -universal grammar (Chomsky)

Conditioning and Learning Theory (B.F. Skinner)

-language exists because its reinforced and shaped -parents reaction enforces language

Brain of a 3 year old has already reached about ____ of adult size

80%

Darin and his younger sister are seated on opposite sides of a table, facing each other. There are five toy houses on the table. Darin's mother asks him how his younger sister would see the toy houses. Darin provides explanations only from his perspective. He tells his mother that he does not know how his sister would visualize the toy houses. Which of the following is reflected in this scenario?

Darin is exhibiting egocentrism. Correct

Which of the following statements is true about epigenetics?

Epigenetics involves heritable changes to DNA that are independent of the genetic sequence yet influence its expression.

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins?

Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

Which of the following statements is true of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

In humans, the amount of REM sleep over the life span corresponds to the degree of brain plasticity and neural growth

In the context of memory distortion, when is an individual most prone to having his or her memories modified through suggestibility?

In the interval between an experience and the time he or she is asked to recall it

Which of the following statements is a function of sleep?

It helps in the cleanup of cerebral toxins that build up throughout the day.

Which of the following is true about dementia?

Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.

Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising?

Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.

Syntax

Rules for arranging words and symbols in sentence

Which of the following statements is true of Mary Whiton Calkins?

She was the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

Which of the following statements is a characteristic of endorphins produced by the human body?

They are opioid-like proteins that bind to opioid receptors in the brain.

Which of the following statements is an effect of alcohol and sedatives in the human body?

They decrease the activity of glutamate, a neurotransmitter. Correct

Which of the following is a function of institutional review boards (IRBs)?

They evaluate proposed research before it is conducted to ensure research involving humans does not cause undue harm

Which of the following is an advantage of double-blind studies?

They prevent two potential problems with experimental designs, namely experimenter expectancy effects and demand characteristics.

Identify an accurate statement about the development of vision in fetuses and infants.

Vision is the sense that is least developed in the fetus.

When can scientists help ensure accurate and honest presentation of results?

When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists

Mahmud remembers riding a horse at a fair when he was a little boy. He remembers how it felt to hold on to the horse's mane as it galloped around. However, this incident never happened. His brother, Salim, is the one who rode the horse. Salim has told the story so many times that Mahmud has developed an elaborate memory of having ridden the horse himself. In this scenario, Mahmud's recollection of an experience he has never had is an example of

a false memory

Madeline, a 90-year-old woman, is suffering from Alzheimer's disease. She takes medication to treat the symptoms of memory loss. Madeline's medication most likely enhances the effects of the neurotransmitter ________.

acetylcholine

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that

conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. Correct

Jenny and John are siblings. Jenny asks John if he heard her cell phone ring, but John states that he did not hear it. Jenny, convinced that she heard her cell phone ring, rushes to her room to check, but she finds that the phone actually did not ring. Signal detection theorists would label John's report that Jenny's cell phone did not ring as a ________.

correct rejection

The major limitation of the correlational approach is that it

does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other.

Juan is diagnosed with schizophrenia. He is treated with a new medication that concentrates on restoring ________ function, thereby allowing him to decipher important from less important information in his environment.

glutamate

parameters

language limits

Mary, a seven-year-old, watches her mother cooking in the kitchen and copies her actions. Later that day, she spends time pretending to cook in the kitchen. Mary's behavior is an example of

mimicry.

As part of his theory of how neural connections form and how synaptic connections change, Donald Hebb suggested that

neurons that fire together, wire together.

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ________ type of learning.

operant conditioning

Immanuel can see few children flying a kite on top of a building at a distance. As the kite flies farther up into the sky it looks like it is getting smaller and smaller. However, Immanuel knows the kite is not shrinking due to his brain's ability to maintain ________.

perceptual constancy

Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of

proactive interference.

In the context of neural communication, which of the following is defined as a process that returns excess neurotransmitter to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use?

reuptake

Martha strokes her baby's cheek. The baby turns her head and remains open-mouthed in expectation of a breast. This reflex is known as

rooting

Maya, an employee at a marine mammal park, has to teach a dolphin to swim through a hoop. First, Maya rewards the dolphin for swimming and coming near the hoop. Next, she rewards the dolphin for touching the hoop. Then, she rewards the dolphin for sticking his nose through the middle of the hoop. Finally, Maya rewards the dolphin for swimming through the hoop. Psychologists would term this process as

shaping.

Carlos experiences red when he hears a particular tone. He is most likely experiencing a condition known as ________.

synesthesia

To remember his friend's home address, Lester recites it out aloud to himself repeatedly until he can recall it perfectly. In the context of storing memories, Lester is:

using rehearsal to store the information.

Child's vocab development depends on 3 characteristics of the mother:

-socioeconomic status -vocabulary use -personality characteristics