Psych Final Pt 1

63. The word rats contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s). A) 2; 1 B) 4; 1 C) 2; 4 D) 4; 2

4; 2

7. Classical conditioning is most clearly biologically adaptive because it enables us to learn that the ________ predicts the onset of the _________. A) US; UR B) US; CS C) UR; CR D) CS; US

CS; US

24. The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________. A) Pavlov; Skinner B) Thorndike; Skinner C) Skinner; Thorndike D) Thorndike; Pavlov

Pavlov; Skinner

42. Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia? A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature. B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding. C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events. D) Implicit memories last for less than a second in infants.

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.

75. The test Vincente is taking includes questions such as "In what way are brass and steel alike?" Vincente is taking the: A) WAIS. B) SAT. C) Stanford-Binet. D) SAT Math Test.

WAIS.

46. Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates A) state-dependent memory. B) context-dependent memory. C) implicit memory. D) a recency effect.

a recency effect.

82. Randy is a bold person who enjoys stimulating and risky activities. His latest activity involved skydiving off mountainous cliffs. Randy is likely: A) a sensation-seeker. B) self-transcendent. C) an incentive seeker. D) self-actualized.

a sensation-seeker.

6. Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called: A) discrimination. B) acquisition. C) generalization. D) spontaneous recovery.

acquisition.

34. Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of: A) the testing effect. B) acronyms. C) the spacing effect. D) the peg-word system.

acronyms.

85. Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ________ needs. A) safety B) affiliation C) achievement D) competence

affiliation

86. Ten-year-old Haley tells her mom that she feels bad and lonely because she does not have a "best" friend in school. Haley is not having her need for ________ met at school. A) affiliation B) autonomy C) competence D) ostracism

affiliation

54. A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of: A) the availability heuristic. B) belief perseverance. C) an algorithm. D) framing.

an algorithm.

61. The most creative scientists are those who: A) investigate issues about which they have very little previous knowledge. B) are intrinsically motivated to solve problems. C) have little tolerance for ambiguity. D) have a timid personality.

are intrinsically motivated to solve problems.

23. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of: A) associative learning. B) respondent behavior. C) continuous reinforcement. D) shaping.

associative learning.

30. The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your e-mail during the past 24 hours best illustrates: A) working memory. B) automatic processing. C) iconic memory. D) distributed practice.

automatic processing.

25. Tendencies developed through evolutionary history that predispose members of a species to learn some associations more readily than others are: A) cognitive maps. B) biological constraints. C) extrinsic motives. D) conditioned responses.

biological constraints.

90. Jason is on his school's wrestling team. He hasn't eaten since early this morning because he is trying to make weight. It is now time for dinner. His stomach is growling and he feels very hungry. One reason for his hunger is that his: A) blood glucose level has dropped. B) blood glucose level has increased. C) leptin levels are high. D) ghrelin production is low.

blood glucose level has dropped.

3. Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior? A) studying for a test B) blushing when embarrassed C) thanking someone for their help D) sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor

blushing when embarrassed

41. People fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the function of different pathways in their ________ is surgically disrupted. A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) hippocampus D) cerebellum

cerebellum

12. A Skinner box is a(n): A) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. B) "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. D) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of operant conditioning.

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

2. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate: A) operant conditioning. B) spontaneous recovery. C) classical conditioning. D) observational learning.

classical conditioning

51. Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent? A) developmental psychology B) biological psychology C) cognitive psychology D) personality psychology

cognitive psychology

67. Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to: A) vocalize the most common vowel sounds. B) acquire language vocabulary as rapidly as most children. C) communicate through the use of symbols. D) do all of these things.

communicate through the use of symbols.

52. When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n): A) mental set. B) heuristic. C) concept. D) algorithm.

concept.

55. Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected. This illustrates that overconfidence may be facilitated by: A) an algorithm. B) prototypes. C) the framing effect. D) confirmation bias.

confirmation bias.

27. An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as: A) the distribution system. B) mnemonics. C) connectionism. D) the peg-word system.

connectionism.

76. Your psychology professor has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test. A) reliability B) factor analysis C) standardization D) content validity

content validity

45. It's harder for Alonso to recall the name of a workplace colleague when he sees her in a grocery store rather than in the hallway outside his workplace office where he was first introduced to her. This best illustrates A) the serial position effect. B) context-dependent memory. C) long-term potentiation. D) memory consolidation.

context-dependent memory.

36. Encoding verbal information semantically involves: A) shallow processing. B) echoic memory. C) deep processing. D) iconic memory.

deep processing.

37. Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if they rehearse the meanings of the Latin words. This best illustrates the value of: A) iconic memory. B) deep processing. C) procedural memory. D) the peg-word system.

deep processing.

16. Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by: A) classical conditioning. B) primary reinforcers. C) latent learning. D) delayed reinforcers.

delayed reinforcers.

10. The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called: A) acquisition. B) discrimination. C) generalization. D) spontaneous recovery.

discrimination.

14. An event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced is called a(n): A) shaping stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) primary reinforcer. D) discriminative stimulus.

discriminative stimulus.

77. Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and A) drive reduction. B) homeostasis. C) sensation-seeking. D) affiliation.

drive reduction.

31. For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory. A) short-term B) iconic C) procedural D) echoic

echoic

33. The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates: A) automatic processing. B) the self-reference effect. C) effortful processing. D) echoic memory.

effortful processing.

73. Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of A) street smarts. B) the g factor. C) creative intelligence. D) emotional intelligence.

emotional intelligence.

88. Online social networking tends to ________ self-disclosure, and Facebook profiles appear to be closer to people's ________. A) encourage; actual personalities than to their ideal personalities B) discourage; actual personalities than to their ideal personalities C) encourage; ideal personalities than to their actual personalities D) discourage; ideal personalities than to their actual personalities

encourage; actual personalities than to their ideal personalities

79. Although instincts cannot explain most human motives, the underlying assumption that genes predispose some species-typical behaviors continues in: A) evolutionary psychology. B) the Yerkes-Dodson law. C) arousal theory. D) drive-reduction theory.

evolutionary psychology.

47. The ability of some Alzheimer's patients to learn how to do something despite the fact that they have no conscious recall of learning their new skill best illustrates the need to distinguish between A) proactive interference and retroactive interference. B) encoding failure and storage decay. C) infantile amnesia and source amnesia. D) explicit memory and implicit memory.

explicit memory and implicit memory.

38. Episodic memory is best described as ______ memory of _______. A) implicit; facts and general knowledge B) implicit; personally experienced events C) explicit; facts and general knowledge D) explicit; personally experienced events

explicit; personally experienced events

97. The basic components of emotion are: A) sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling. B) physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives. C) expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience. D) cognition, affect, and behavior.

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.

21. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by: A) external influences. B) emotions. C) unconscious motives. D) conscious thoughts.

external influences.

70. To assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities, psychologists have made extensive use of: A) the normal curve. B) standardization. C) Down syndrome. D) factor analysis.

factor analysis.

59. People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of: A) belief perseverance. B) confirmation bias. C) framing. D) the availability heuristic.

framing.

11. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of: A) observational learning. B) generalization. C) operant conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery.

generalization.

9. Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates: A) spontaneous recovery. B) an unconditioned response. C) an operant behavior. D) generalization.

generalization.

91. Sonya has just finished a large birthday dinner. When the waiter offers to give her a complementary birthday dessert, she explains that she is not feeling hungry at the moment. This is likely because her: A) PYY levels are low. B) ghrelin levels are low. C) blood glucose level has dropped. D) level of orexin is high.

ghrelin levels are low.

72. Energetic persistence in pursuit of challenging goals is most clearly an indication of: A) emotional intelligence. B) street smarts. C) the g factor. D) grit.

grit.

89. Sixteen-year-old Jonah practices his violin several hours a week with no prompting from his parents. His goal is to be accepted to Juilliard School and someday perform with the New York Philharmonic. Jonah's behavior exemplifies: A) grit. B) narcissism. C) self-transcendence. D) sensation-seeking.

grit.

20. The use of physical punishment may: A) lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior. B) model aggression as a way of coping with problems. C) lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent. D) have all of these results.

have all of these results.

40. After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her A) cerebellum. B) hypothalamus. C) basal ganglia. D) hippocampus.

hippocampus.

92. Orexin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________. A) hunger-arousing; hypothalamus B) hunger-suppressing; hypothalamus C) hunger-arousing; stomach D) hunger-suppressing; stomach

hunger-arousing; hypothalamus

64. B. F. Skinner emphasized the importance of _________ in language acquisition. A) a universal grammar B) a critical period C) imitation and reinforcement D) linguistic determinism

imitation and reinforcement

29. Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory. A) working B) short-term C) implicit D) sensory

implicit

81. The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of: A) instincts. B) homeostasis. C) arousal. D) incentives.

incentives.

62. In Wolfgang Köhler's experiments, the chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a longer stick, which he then used to reach a piece of fruit. The chimpanzee appeared to display: A) insight. B) a fixation. C) trial and error. D) the availability heuristic.

insight.

78. Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n): A) incentive. B) homeostatic mechanism. C) instinct. D) drive.

instinct.

60. Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like: A) an algorithm. B) a prototype. C) extrinsic motivation. D) intuition.

intuition.

96. Isaac has been physically inactive and obese for as long as he can remember. He is now determined to lose excess weight with a reduced-calorie diet. Isaac is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because: A) low-calorie diets trigger increased secretions of leptin. B) his resting metabolic rate will increase and cause him to overeat. C) he has an unusually low set point for body weight. D) it takes fewer calories to maintain fat tissue than muscle tissue.

it takes fewer calories to maintain fat tissue than muscle tissue.

1. Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of: A) discrimination. B) generalization. C) learning. D) spontaneous recovery.

learning

58. People who err on the side of overconfidence are especially likely to: A) use algorithms to solve problems. B) think creatively. C) avoid confirmation bias. D) live more happily.

live more happily.

80. For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to: A) create an incentive. B) create an instinctual drive. C) maintain homeostasis. D) eliminate homeostasis.

maintain homeostasis.

87. In a series of studies, research participants were informed that personality test results indicated they were the type likely to end up alone later in life. As a result, they became ________ likely to underperform on aptitude tests and ________ likely to become aggressive toward those who had excluded them. A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less

more; more

50. Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates A) source amnesia. B) the misinformation effect. C) motivated forgetting. D) anterograde amnesia.

motivated forgetting.

19. Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance. Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language. A) negative reinforcement B) positive punishment C) secondary reinforcement D) negative punishment

negative punishment

18. Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a: A) negative reinforcement. B) positive reinforcement. C) negative punishment. D) positive punishment.

negative punishment.

5. Before learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be stung, Sara felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n): A) conditioned stimulus. B) neutral stimulus. C) conditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus.

94. People are most likely to dislike the taste of ________ foods. A) salty B) starchy C) novel D) familiar

novel

4. After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates: A) classical conditioning. B) spontaneous recovery. C) respondent behavior. D) observational learning.

observational learning.

65. At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hold" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development. A) syntactic B) babbling C) telegraphic speech D) one-word

one-word

22. Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semiannual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of: A) discrimination. B) operant conditioning. C) classical conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery.

operant conditioning.

100. When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system. A) parasympathetic B) sympathetic C) central D) somatic

parasympathetic

15. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n): A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer.

positive reinforcer.

44. Hearing the word rabbit may lead people to spell the spoken word hair as h-a-r-e. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as A) flashbulb memory. B) the serial position effect. C) context-dependent memory. D) priming.

priming.

53. Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish: A) hierarchy. B) heuristic. C) algorithm. D) prototype.

prototype.

74. To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's: A) head size. B) reasoning skills. C) muscular power. D) neural processing speed.

reasoning skills.

26. Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates? A) recall B) recognition C) rehearsal D) retrieval

recognition

32. After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent: A) shallow processing. B) iconic memory. C) encoding failure. D) rehearsal.

rehearsal.

43. Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the: A) structure of DNA molecules. B) release of certain neurotransmitters. C) activity level of the hippocampus. D) development of the cerebellum.

release of certain neurotransmitters.

48. The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by A) encoding failure. B) automatic processing. C) retrieval failure. D) repression.

retrieval failure.

49. After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of A) source amnesia. B) retroactive interference. C) proactive interference. D) automatic processing.

retroactive interference.

39. Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the: A) basal ganglia. B) right frontal lobe. C) cerebellum. D) amygdala.

right frontal lobe.

71. In 8 to 10 seconds, the late memory whiz Kim Peek could read and remember the contents of a book page. Yet, he had little capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate: A) autism spectrum disorder. B) creative intelligence. C) emotional intelligence. D) savant syndrome.

savant syndrome.

68. English has a rich vocabulary for _________ emotions such as anger. Japanese has more words for _________ emotions such as sympathy. A) receptive; productive B) interpersonal; self-focused C) productive; receptive D) self-focused; interpersonal

self-focused; interpersonal

84. Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as: A) belongingness needs. B) self-esteem needs. C) self-transcendence needs. D) self-actualization needs.

self-transcendence needs.

93. To explain why, when we have unlimited access to various tasty foods, we tend to overeat and gain weight, some researchers use the term ________ to indicate a person's base weight level. A) homeostasis B) basal metabolic rate C) metabolism D) settling point

settling point

99. In their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion, both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that: A) cognitive reactions always precede emotional reactions. B) emotional reactions always precede cognitive reactions. C) some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking. D) cognitive reactions and emotional reactions always occur simultaneously.

some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking.

66. After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty: A) remembering past events. B) speaking fluently. C) reading. D) understanding other people when they speak.

speaking fluently.

98. Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car, Lee laughed uncontrollably. Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the: A) Cannon-Bard theory. B) guilty knowledge test. C) James-Lange theory. D) spillover effect.

spillover effect.

69. Introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves: A) studying effectively. B) physically relaxing. C) receiving a high midterm test grade. D) feeling proud about receiving a high midterm test grade.

studying effectively.

13. An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of: A) successive approximations. B) delayed reinforcement. C) classical conditioning. D) secondary reinforcement.

successive approximations.

8. The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction: A) the CS is eliminated. B) the CR is eliminated. C) the CS is suppressed. D) the CR is suppressed.

the CR is suppressed.

83. Manny is a goalie for his college soccer team. The day of his team's first match Manny was so anxious about his upcoming performance that he could not eat breakfast or lunch. His performance was indeed very poor, so much so that he had to be replaced at halftime. Which of the following theories would have best predicted Manny's performance? A) drive-reduction B) homeostasis C) the Yerkes-Dodson law D) self-actualization

the Yerkes-Dodson law

56. Just passing by a person who sneezes and coughs heightens our perceptions of various health risks. This best illustrates the impact of: A) the availability heuristic. B) belief perseverance. C) confirmation bias. D) framing.

the availability heuristic.

57. A single memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by: A) confirmation bias. B) overconfidence. C) belief perseverance. D) the availability heuristic.

the availability heuristic.

35. Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates: A) implicit memory. B) the self-reference effect. C) chunking. D) the spacing effect

the spacing effect

95. When encouraged to eat their fill of M&M's, people ate more when given a large rather than a small serving scoop. This most clearly reflects: A) neophobia. B) a set point. C) social facilitation. D) unit bias.

unit bias.

17. Asking potential partners for a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio

variable-ratio

28. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of: A) implicit memory. B) iconic memory. C) echoic memory. D) working memory.

working memory.