Psych. Human growth Ch. 2-5

Children know about 10,000 words by age:

6.

A score below _____ on the Apgar scale indicates that the newborn must be monitored.

7

By _____ months of age infants lose their ability to hear sound tones in languages not their own.

8

_____ is the main factor fueling the childhood obesity epidemic.

A lack of physical activity

What is the BEST child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler?

Gently push the child into a few stressful situations.

Implantation involves:

a blastocyst embedding in the uterine wall.

Intense sexual arousal may:

cause ovulation.

What is the MOST important factor that determines a woman's emotional state during pregnancy?

feeling cared about and loved

What type of research tries to establish a link between events in the womb and later development?

fetal programming research

Becky is in kindergarten and is learning how to write her name. She is developing:

fine motor skills.

The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the:

frontal lobe.

Undernourished children tend to:

have impaired physical and social skills.

Exposure to harmful substances can affect the developing brain:

in the second and third trimesters.

The Strange Situation is a research procedure used to assess:

infant attachment.

Which approach uses a computer metaphor to understand cognition?

information processing

Who cares for most U.S. infants and toddlers during the day?

parents and other relatives

For a baby with a difficult temperament:

particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment.

Overregularization shows an incorrect knowledge of _____, while overextensions show that the child doesn't understand _____.

plurals and past tenses; verbal labels

The social-interactionist perspective emphasizes that:

the desire to communicate with each other promotes developing language.

Who determines the baby's sex?

the father

_____ happens at the union of a sperm and egg.

Fertilization

Which stimulus do newborns NOT prefer?

male voices

The cerebral cortex takes until _____ to physiologically mature.

the 20s

Which of the following is NOT a good suggestion for socializing a child?

Use power assertion.

By _____ year(s) of age infants see just like adults.

1

Language development begins to rapidly increase around _____ of age.

1 1/2 to 2 years

In the visual cortex, the axons are myelinated by age:

1 year.

Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably:

2 to 3 years old.

Earliest memories are of age:

3 or 4 years.

A very low birth weight baby weighs:

3 pounds or less.

Being impoverished during the first _____ years of life makes it less likely for a child to graduate from high school.

4

Children usually begin to initiate past-talk conversations at about age:

4 or 5 years

As the brain develops about _____ percent of its synapses are pruned.

40

Recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicate that approximately 1 in _____ households in the United States with children can be categorized as food insecure.

6

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation regarding obesity?

Americans need to put children on strict diets.

_____ is defined by deficits in theory of mind.

Autism spectrum disorder

Why do moms and dads use infant-directed speech?

Babies pay attention when spoken to like this.

Christina is trying to potty train her 15-month-old daughter but it isn't going well. Why might this be the case?

Her frontal lobe is not developed.

Pick the major criticism of Piaget's theory.

Infants understand far more than Piaget gave them credit for.

What is the MOST important advantage of attending a high-quality preschool?

It gives children a cognitive boost

From an evolutionary point of view, why might toddlers suddenly start to avoid unfamiliar foods?

It is a protective mechanism to prevent poisoning.

Which statement about morning sickness is false?

It only happens in the morning.

What is the relationship between having a secure infant attachment and later relationships?

It provides a good beginning but doesn't guarantee having lifelong loving relationships

When newborns fall asleep, they immediately go into the _____ phase of sleep and spend most of their time in this state.

REM

What is the main problem with picking up a baby every time he or she cries at night?

The child may not learn to self-soothe.

The brain is called "plastic" because it is:

able to be changed.

The earliest date at which survival is possible, called the _____, is _____ weeks.

age of viability; 22

Although only about the length of a thumb, an embryo at week eight has:

all of its basic body structures.

Which person is the MOST compliant and, therefore, easy to socialize?

any inhibited child

MOST babies who attend day care:

are securely attached to their parents.

This is NOT only the core of infancy but the core of life itself.

attachment

The so-called "terrible twos" are a result of:

autonomy.

Which of the following is the first person-environment fit that MOST humans experience?

baby-proofing

Primary circular reactions are centered on the _____, while secondary circular reactions are centered on the _____.

child's body; external world

Pick the answer that is NOT a teratogen.

chromosomal abnormality

"It begins at about 7 months and lasts throughout the toddler years." This landmark time when babies must be near their primary caregivers is called:

clear-cut attachment.

The development of _____ is the ability to adopt internal standards for behavior.

conscience

In Piaget's theory, _____ refers to a child's knowledge that a substance remains the same despite changes to its shape or form.

conservation

A baby's ability to discriminate (or see differences) between the faces of the members of other ethnic groups _____ during the first nine months of life.

declines

The first stage of labor, when the cervix opens wide enough to allow the baby to emerge is called:

dilation and effacement.

Which attachment style is the strongest predictor of later relationships with others?

disorganized attachment

A(n) _____ provides emotional and physical support during a woman's labor without performing actual health-care tasks such as delivery or exams.

doula

The time during prenatal development when the major body structures form is the _____ stage.

embryonic

These theorists believe that morning sickness prevented the mother from eating spoiled meat or toxic plants, which could damage the developing embryo.

evolutionary psychologists

Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.

expands dramatically

Four-year-old Jose just received a game that involves placing foam numbers into a template. As Jose looks for where each number belongs, his mother notices that he is mumbling "eight," "six," and so forth. Jose is showing what Vygotsky called _____ to master this task.

inner speech

The main consequence of smoking during pregnancy is having a baby that:

is smaller than normal.

Chomsky believed that language is biologically part of being human. His term for the hypothetical brain structure that allows the human species to learn language is the _____ device.

language acquisition

The sensory motor stage ends with the development of:

language, symbolic thought, and object permanence

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions.

later than

Research with infant rats suggests that _____ as a baby may insulate a person from stress as an adult.

lavish loving and stroking

In selecting a good day care parents should do everything EXCEPT:

look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad.

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:

making billions of connections between neurons.

Long hours spent in day care:

may have slightly negative effects on later development

The capacity to engage in deferred imitation reflects a child's _____ capacities.

memory

The _____ acts as a lubricant that permits neural impulses to speedily flow.

myelin sheath

When does proximity-seeking behavior in stressful situations go away?

never

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem:

on his own versus after being taught.

Humans begin to develop an autobiographical memory, which is the sense that they have a personal past history as well as ongoing selves, during:

preschool.

After implantation, the woman's body produces _____, a hormone that maintains the pregnancy.

progesterone

Newborn _____ are replaced by _____ as the cortex matures.

reflexes; voluntary actions

Which environmental intervention is helpful in relieving the symptoms of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

regular recess breaks

Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Deedra memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Deedra is using a learning strategy called:

rehearsal.

Cesarean section rates have _____ since the 1970s.

risen dramatically

During childhood boys and girls are

roughly the same size.

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:

selective attention.

These feelings first emerge around the age of 2 and show the capacity to reflect on the self.

self-conscious emotions

The time period during which an organ is coming "online" during prenatal development is referred to as the:

sensitive period.

Baby Lydia is having her one-year checkup. As the pediatrician puts the stethoscope on Lydia's chest, she looks to her mother to see if the situation is safe. Baby Lydia is showing:

social referencing.

Self-conscious emotions are important for:

socialization.

When Stacey tells her two-year-old daughter to say "please" and "thank you," Stacey is trying to:

socialize her daughter.

During pregnancy, expectant fathers are apt to report experiencing:

stress.

The grammar of a language is its:

syntax.

Scaffolding involves:

tailoring teaching to a student's level.

The male structure called the _____ is comparable to the ovaries in females.

testes

What force is MOST important in predicting children's cognitive and emotional development during the first five years of life?

their relationship with primary caregivers

Diana realizes that her mother does not know the thoughts inside of her head. As a result, she has recently started lying. Diana has developed _____, and is roughly _____ years old.

theory of mind abilities; four

A preterm baby is one born more than:

three weeks early.

Synaptogenesis occurs:

throughout life

Vocabularies can be expected to continue to grow:

throughout the lifespan.

Completing major motor milestones (such as crawling or walking) early is _____ to later intelligence.

unrelated

The pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman's abdomen that holds a developing baby is called the:

uterus.

Which factor has NO effect on a child's attachment security at age one?

whether the primary caregiver is a mom or dad

The basic premise of the 1960s natural-childbirth movement was that women should be able to have their babies:

without drugs or extensive medical interventions.

Infant mortality refers to deaths that occur within the first _____ of life.

year

In the United States, poverty is currently MOST prevalent among:

young children.