psych

The Greek physician and philosopher, ________, developed a personality theory based around four temperaments that was prevalent for over a thousand years.

Galen

________, which play a supportive role in the nervous system, vastly outnumber ________.

Glial cells; neurons

The early trait theorist, ________, found 4,500 words to describe people and then organized these into different trait categories.

Gordon Allport

Which Neo-Freudian disagreed with Freud's notion of penis envy?

Horney

________ is considered the "third force" in psychology because it rejects the notion that childhood experiences (psychoanalysis) or other forces in the environment (behaviorism) dictate a person's personality.

Humanism

Jade plans to major in business then continue on to study ________ so that she can work as a consultant for businesses interested in improving employee motivation and increasing productivity.

I-O psychology

Globally, the ________ is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the ________ is more valued for research.

International Classification of Disease; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Who proposed a theory of moral development with three distinct levels, with each level representing a different degree of moral reasoning?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Babies who show the ________ will spread their arms and quickly pull them back if they feel like they are falling.

Moro reflex

Marquise is studying for his Biology test. He only has an hour because he has lots of other homework to get through as well. What's the best use of Marquise's time?

Practicing by answering questions (in his homework or from the textbook

________ emphasizes early childhood experiences and internal forces.

Psychodynamic therapy

According to the ________ model, health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.

biopsychosocial

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car

If Neveah eats large meals and then forces herself to vomit afterwards, she probably has ________ nervosa.

bulimia

Griffeth wants his clients to discover their own inner conflicts and feelings. He acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses through active listening. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?

humanistic therapy

Several areas of the ________ are particularly important to regulating eating behavior.

hypothalamus

According to the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, ________ twins have very similar personalities when ________.

identical; together or apart

According to a study by Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, and Sullivan (2012), rat pups who experience abuse early in their lives were likely to show depressive behaviors and

increased activation in the amygdala.

Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

independent variable

Research by Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that

infants seem to make moral judgements

A new born baby knowing how to suck to get food is an example of a

instinct

One reason smells often evoke memories is that the sense of smell

is routed through the limbic system.

In order for an experiment to be considered predictable, ________.

it should make assumptions about future events

Which of the following statements is true regarding lateralization?

language ability has different roles in each hemisphere.

Which view of mental illnesses integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder?

diathesis-stress model

One reason the nature-nurture debates continues is because it is

difficult to study because people cannot be assigned to various genetic and environmental conditions

Damage to Broca's area may cause

difficulty speaking

After a stressful day at school and work, Kristen attends a yoga class. At the end of the class, Kristen lays quietly on her mat while paying close attention to her breathing. Her ________ nervous system is activated.

parasympathetic

If you participate in a study and find out that the medication you received did not contain actual medication inside, then that pill is considered a(n) ________.

placebo

Most traits are controlled by more than just one gene, meaning that they are

polygenic

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that

prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron.

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

Unconscious processes and hidden thoughts or desires are tested through ________ personality tests, such as the TAT.

projective

Abraham Maslow is best known for

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.

The unconscious and early childhood experiences are emphasized by the ________.

psychodynamic school of psychology

Drugs designed to restore neurotransmitter balance in the brain are known as

psychotropic medications

After Stephen was rejected by the admissions office at Yale, he claimed that he wouldn't enjoy such a large school anyway. This is an example of which defense mechanism?

rationalization

Our temperament is influenced by ________, or how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli and ________, our ability to control our response.

reactivity; self-regulation

If conditioning theories about panic disorder are correct, how might it be treated?

reducing thoughts about catastrophes caused by sensations

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.

reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

If an experiment can be easily replicated by another researcher and provide similar results, it is considered

reliable

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping?

reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

Before Bandura proposed his Bobo doll experiment, most learning specialists believed that learning only occurred ________.

when an individual did something and discovered the consequences directly

Nearly ________ of women who had recently given birth screen positive for peripartum onset depression.

15%

According to the reading, in any given year, nearly ________ of U.S. adults experience mental illness.

20%

Approximately what percentage of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness?

26%

If Greg's mother has a cleft chin (genotype Bb) and his father does not (genotype bb), what are the chances that Greg has a cleft chin?

50%

________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.

B.F. Skinner

How is bulimia different from binge eating?

Bulimia consists of binge eating and then purging the food, while binge eating consists of overeating and then feeling guilty.

Robert Williams developed the first culturally specific projective test designed to reflect the everyday life experiences of African Americans. This is known as the

C-TCB

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Christina believes she can earn a college scholarship.

If a research team wants to test the validity of their new personality questionnaire, which of the following would you recommend?

Compare their test results with other similar personality tests to see if they get similar kinds of results.

________ describes development as a cumulative process, whereas ________ views development as taking place in unique, specific stages.

Continuous development; discontinuous development

________ intelligence tends to increase with age, whereas ________ intelligence decreases with age.

Crystallized; fluid

________ are culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable.

Cultural display rules

Which of the following is the correct order of events describing the movement of an electrical charge through a neuron?

Dendrite, cell body, axon

John was the victim of a violent crime when he was a freshman in college. While he suffered no head injuries as a result, he cannot remember anything from the time period of his assault. He most likely may be diagnosed with the following:

Dissociative amnesia

Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying depression?

Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression?

Which of the three stages is the longest?

Fetus (fetal)

________ focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions.

Fine motor skills

How does task switching impact learning?

Negatively

Is being able to multitask, or cognitively focus on two different tasks at the same time, something that humans can do?

No, it is impossible for humans to multitask

Five-year-old Savanna has become very competitive with her mother for her father's affections and quite defiantly states that she is "Going to marry Daddy when I grow up!" Which psychosexual stage does this exemplify?

Phallic stage

What is true of a child in the concrete operational stage of development?

She can perform mathematical operations, understand transformations, and understand the principle of reversibility

What is the abstract of a scholarly article?

The section with a summary of the whole article.

Personality tests can be checked for validity, meaning they test what they are supposed to test, in a variety of ways. Which is an example of convergent validity?

The test results in similar scores with other personality tests of similar traits.

Playing the slots at a casino works on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Variable ratio

Research by ________ identified the sexual response cycle and also revealed information about reproductive anatomy.

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Confidentiality refers to ________.

a therapist's requirement to not disclose information about their client unless required by law.

Children who freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns in the Strange Situation experiment most likely have been ________.

abused

Rae grew up learning that Pluto was a planet. Since it was later reclassified as only a dwarf planet, Rae was forced to adjust her concept of what a planet is, and create a new concept for dwarf planets to include Ceres, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake. What process would Piaget say took place in Rae's mind?

accommodation

Physical changes that occur during puberty include the maturing of the ________ and the ________ glands.

adrenal; sex

Jordan got in a car accident and blamed it all on his mom for making him hurry home and the other driver for not pressing on their brakes sooner. Julian Rotter would say that Jordan has ________.

an external locus of control

If Trey has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the Big 5 personality test, he is likely to be

anxious and quiet.

Scientific theories

are supported by evidence. Feedback

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Which parenting style is most likely to help children develop a healthy self-concept and other positive psychological outcomes?

authoritative

If Henry gets help for his alcoholism and is given the drug Antabuse to take before drinking. He gets uncomfortable and sick every time he drinks, which is teaching him to dislike alcohol. This is an example of

aversive conditioning

Which type of therapy would most likely be used to treat phobias?

behavior

A psychologist who studies the interaction between hormones and behavior is called a

behavioral endocrinologist.

Which is an example of classical conditioning?

being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.

Johnson often recommends lithium to her patients with bipolar disorder. This exemplifies ________ therapy.

biomedical

A little girl at the local elementary school is writing symphonies for full orchestra at age 7. You're curious to know about the child's personality and other psychological qualities. Which type of study would you conduct?

case study

Zoe is planning to apply to graduate schools next semester, but isn't sure which field of psychology she likes the best. She enjoyed learning about learning, children, and language, but is most of all interested in the way people approach and solve problems. Which field of psychology would you recommend she study?

cognitive

Which school of thought emphasized how people process information?

cognitive psychology

Melissa and Brian are going to marriage counseling, as they have had a difficult time getting along and supporting each other since their daughter was born. Which therapeutic method is likely used for their treatment?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

If a person has two diagnoses at the same time, like anxiety and depression, they fit the criteria for ________.

comorbidity

If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

When a person makes a moral decision based on wanting to make sure that the decision is acceptable in the community, the person's moral reasoning is at the ________ level.

conventional

At the ________ level, people focus on laws and the importance of obeying authority, whereas at the ________ level, the focus is on ethics and universal moral behavior.

conventional; postconventional

A psychologist who understands the role that race and ethnicity play in providing treatment demonstrates

cultural competence

The input sites of neurons where signals are received from other neurons are known as

dendrites

Tomas refuses to admit that he needs to visit the dentist, even though he's had a toothache for a week. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

Diana exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined with distinct characteristics. She could be diagnosed with ________ disorder.

dissociative identity

According to Maslow, which needs should be met just before self-actualization can be achieved?

esteem

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.

extinction

Amber, a manager for a large company, wants to motivate her employees by offering them large bonuses for productivity. This is an example of which type of motivation?

extrinsic

The ________ stage is when children can think and reason about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations.

formal operational

Stephen has a tumor in his brain and doctors want to assess what areas are impacted. They want a clear picture of the brain, but also want to see changes in the brain's blood flow. What imaging technique will they use?

functional MRI (fMRI)

When Anna's old roommate would go to the kitchen first thing in the morning, she would always make coffee. Anna would stay in bed a few extra minutes and grab a cup of coffee as she left for class. Now Anna hears her new roommate go to the kitchen, so she stays in bed a few extra minutes. As she leaves for class, she is surprised that there is no coffee. Anna's mistaken assumption that her roommate would make coffee is based on ________.

generalization

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

Blackwell, Trzesniewski, and Dweck's research found that students with a ________ prefered challenging work and were not discouraged by failure.

growth mindset

The seven universal emotions are

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger.

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show marked reductions in the volume of several parts of the ________.

hippocampus

The state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels is known as

homeostasis

If Mekhi is a man who feels attracted to other men, he is ________.

homosexual

The hormone ________ signals feelings of fullness to the brain.

leptin

People born with a high genetic risk for schizophrenia were ________ likely to develop schizophrenia if they were raised in a healthy family environment than if they were raised in a disturbed family environment.

less

The substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and reticular formation can all be found in the

midbrain

Monkeys were ________ to develop a fear of fear-relevant stimuli, like toy snakes or a toy crocodile, as they were to fear-irrelevant stimuli, like flowers or a toy rabbit.

more likely

Studies on genes that regulate serotonin reveal that if a person has 1 or 2 short versions of a specific gene (5-HTTLPR), they may be ________ to develop major depressive disorder.

more likely

Those who argue that biology and genetics have the strongest influence on development emphasize ________.

nature

Which of the following topics are included in the biological domain of psychology?

neuroscience

Which is a defining symptom of antisocial personality disorder?

no regard for other people's rights or feelings

As Jack develops, he will first master the concept of ________ during the sensorimotor stage of development, and then understand another person's perspective, adopting what is called a ________.

object permanence; theory of mind

Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.

operant conditioning

If Regina has a high score in extroversion and a low score in conscientiousness on the Big 5 personality test, she is likely to be

outgoing and disorganized

Chelsea wants to know if the room temperature in the testing center affects participants test scores. In this experiment, the independent variable is ________.

room temperature

A person with high self-efficacy would likely

set attainable goals.

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of

shaping

Once a person feels physiologically comfortable and secure, Maslow would say they can then focus on the ________ level in the hierarchy of needs.

social

During action potential, positively charged ________ ions move inside the cell.

sodium

As a sprinter on the track and field team, Shaun knows that the way he visualizes and thinks about his race can have a major impact on his performance. His coach encourages him to talk to the

sport psychologist.

A newborn baby knows how to nurse from her mother because of the ________.

sucking reflex

When other experimenters attempted to replicate the results of the McCabe and Castel study about the effect of an image on the perceived quality of research article, they found ________.

that the results did not replicate

Physiological changes such as those activated when Sarah hears spooky sounds while she's out for a run (her pupils dilate, her heart rate and blood pressure increase, etc.) are known as

the fight-or-flight response.

Which is the best definition of personality?

the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Where is the primary visual cortex housed?

the occipital lobe

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

to be repeated

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.

unconditioned stimulus.

If an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, it is considered ________.

valid