Psych Midterm

A researcher wants to examine how much information from waking life ends up in dreams. The researcher recruits 40 volunteers from a local community college to record the details of their daily activities. The participants will be given a sleep monitor that gently wakes them each time they end an REM cycle, after which they will complete a detailed dream diary. The study is planned to last for two weeks. Why would an institutional review board be hesitant to approve this study?

The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm.

Neurologists trying to find a treatment for Alzheimer's disease selected 100 individuals with moderate to severe symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Fifty participants were randomly placed into either an experimental condition that received a new medication that acted as an agonist for acetylcholine or the control condition which continued to receive same care as before. The study lasted for ten weeks at which time members of both groups took a cognitive assessment to determine their level of functioning. Which of the following best explains the operational definition of the dependent variable in this study?

The score on the cognitive assessment.

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?

The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave.

Dr. Ravi wants to conduct a study to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on problem-solving abilities. Her procedure involves randomly assigning participants to groups and depriving one group of sleep for a period of five consecutive days. She then had each of them take a test that measures their ability to solve various problems. Which of the following is most problematic about Dr. Ravi's research design?

The study raises ethical concerns because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study.

Pupils Increases, Heart rate Increases, Salivation Decreases, Digestion Decreases ~ The physiological changes in the table most clearly represent activation of which of the following?

The sympathetic nervous system

A sample of pregnant women is given a high dose of caffeine daily to determine if their babies are born with an addiction to caffeine. Which of the following is an ethical issue in this study?

There is possible long-term harm to the babies.

A researcher is interested in measuring adrenaline levels in male subjects and then comparing those levels to each participant's corresponding level of aggression. The researcher takes blood samples from each male participant to identify their adrenaline levels, and then gives each participant a survey that measures aggression. The results of the study indicate that higher levels of adrenaline were associated with higher rates of aggression. Which of the following best describes why the researcher cannot report a causal relationship in this study?

There was no manipulation of an independent variable.

A school collected data on student absences during stressful final exam periods when their sympathetic nervous systems would be activated. They graphed the data at the end of the academic term. Based on the graph, what is the most likely standard deviation for the number of days students missed classes?

2.0

Shayna is chronically tired and decides to record how many hours of sleep she is getting. Her data for the last ten nights include the following estimated hours: 8, 8, 8, 4, 6, 3, 6, 10, 6, 5. What number represents the median value?

6

The table shows players' ratings of the level of pain they experienced while using their heads to make goals with a soccer ball. Measures were first taken during practice without an audience and later in front of a crowd during warmups prior to a game. What is the average level of pain experienced by the players during practice without an audience?

6

A study was conducted to determine the power of a new chemical to increase the quality of olfactory sensations in humans. Participants were asked to rate the quality of a chocolate bar, before and after inhaling the chemical on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning low quality and 10 meaning high quality. Analysis of the data showed that the difference in perceived quality of the chocolate bar before and after exposure to the chemical was statistically significant. If these data were plotted on a graph, what percent of the scores for the difference in perceived quality of the chocolate bar are within 2.29 and 3.71?

68

Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario?

A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height.

Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct?

A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

Which of the following studies is from an evolutionary perspective?

A study to see if women were more attracted to men who liked children than men who did not like children

Dr. Copeland is interested in studying how diet impacts the nervous system activity of professional dancers. She randomly assigns a group of professional ballet dancers to either a protein-rich diet or a carbohydrate-rich diet. After three weeks on each food plan, she measures the function of specific parts of the brain and nervous systems while they are dancing. ~Which of the following is most relevant to digesting carbohydrate-rich meals and resting after dance practice?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Upon further inspection, though, she realizes the "spider" is only a ball of hair. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for calming her down after she realizes the ball of hair is not a spider?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. ~Which of the following is a prediction that could be made about the activity of the rats' brains when exposed to the stimulant?

The MRI should show more oranges and reds when exposed to the stimulant.

Researchers conducted a correlational study during the winter season, which has shorter days and longer nights. The researcher asked about people's experiences with depression-like symptoms, including feelings of tiredness and reduction in energy output. The researcher found that there was a positive correlation between the amount of daylight and depression-like symptoms. Which of the following statements best reflects how to interpret this correlational finding?

The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. Dr. Schmidt's findings best support which of the following psychological concepts?

Weber's law

Dr. Gomez conducts research looking at similarities in identical twins. In one study, she is interested in looking at athletic ability. What do the results in the graph indicate?

When one twin demonstrates high athletic ability, so does the other twin

Samantha experienced a traumatic brain injury and afterward began to exhibit bizarre symptoms that no one had ever documented before. The best research method to study Samantha would be

a case study

Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as which of the following concepts?

a depressant

The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is best identified as which of the following theories?

activation-synthesis theory

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways?

after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

Researchers presented a picture of four stimuli to a group of college students and measured their heart rate by counting how many beats occurred in one minute. Which of the following brain structures would be most responsible for the emotional reaction as measured by heart rate after seeing the spider and the snake?

amygdala

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What type of research study did Dr. Schmidt conduct?

an experiment

Mark and Matt are twins. A psychologist studies Mark and Matt from birth until their 25th birthday. The psychologist gathers data about their likes and dislikes, extracurricular activities, school success, and doctor visits. The psychologist is interested in the interaction of nature and nurture on their development. Which of the following research methods is the psychologist using to study Mark and Matt?

case study

Which of the following identifies the part of the nervous system the arrows are pointing toward? ( brain & spinal cord)

central

Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. Which of the following Gestalt laws would best explain Audra's perception of the image?

closure

In a study on visual perception, participants were presented with the figure depicted and asked to describe what they saw. Of the 100 participants in the study, 97 saw a cube. Which of the following Gestalt principles best describes the phenomenon that has impacted these results?

closure

Below is a transcript of a case study about an individual named Arjun. He could not easily speak the names of items that were flashed to this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years, and his experiences went unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun's experience and his first and last name. ~Which of the following ethical procedures did the researcher neglect when they published the research with Arjun?

confidentiality

Dimitri and Dominic are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. When they found each other through DNA tracking, they were surprised to see how different they were. Which research method would a psychologist most likely use to document their behavioral differences?

correlation

Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. ~ What type of study was being conducted by the researcher?

experiment

A researcher studied rats to determine the effectiveness of a new drug on acetylcholine receptor sites. First, the rats were trained to find a reward at the end of a maze. Next, the rats were randomly assigned to two groups. One group of rats were injected with the new acetylcholine-like drug. The second group of rats were injected with a saline solution. Finally, researchers measured how many mistakes the rats made as they navigated the maze. Which of the following research methods was used by the researchers?

experimental

Researchers at a local veteran's hospital wanted to explore the impact of traumatic brain injuries on veteran's ability to sleep. Which of the following would the researchers use if they wanted to see the brain activity in a particular area of the brain as the veteran's were sleeping?

fMRI

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors?

his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically

likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is described by the functions listed in Part B of the table?

parasympathetic nervous system

The parietal lobe is most involved in which of the following processes?

processing sensory information

Dr. Naum is studying the function of the temporal lobe of the brain by examining the case study of J.S., an individual who incurred damage in this area during a motor vehicle accident. Dr. Naum administers a battery of tasks multiple times over the course of several weeks to assess J.S.'s cognitive abilities. The graph below shows J.S.'s performance on three different tasks. The bar on the left shows his accuracy forming new memories in a lab context, the middle bar shows his accuracy on a driving course, and the bar on the right shows his accuracy on a third task. ~Bases on the scores on the three tasks, Task 3 most likely involves

remembering events that occurred shortly before his accident

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are best identified as which of the following concepts?

reuptake inhibitors

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of which of the following disorders?

sleep apnea

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for her fearful reaction to the spider?

sympathetic nervous system

Tamara's coach reminds the team not to eat for several hours before the basketball game because the digestive process will be slowed down due to the intense activity. Which of the following aspects of the peripheral nervous system is directly responsible for slowing down digestive processes during the game?

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following biological systems is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety?

sympathetic nervous system

Lobe C Understanding words spoken into an earpiece and Recognizing a face in a photograph Which of the following is the lobe most likely represented by the activity in "Lobe C"?

temporal lobe

A group of researchers collected the data displayed in the graph. Which of the following psychological concepts is most likely the focus of the research?

the interaction of "nature" and "nurture"

Getting a headache from not having a morning coffee after substantial daily coffee consumption for several months is most likely due to which of the following concepts?

withdrawal

A small sample of living neural tissue is being studied under a powerful microscope. The researcher notices that some of the neural cells have connections to capillaries and seem to nourish and support the other neural cells. What type of research is being conducted?

Naturalistic observation

Amirah attended a concert for her favorite band. As the band played her favorite song, Amirah sang along and repeated one of the lyrics incorrectly. Another person nearby heard the mistake and told her she had made a mistake, Amirah was confident she heard and sang the lyric correctly. What term best describes Amirah's belief?

Overconfidence

The graph depicts which of the following?

The process of neural transmission

Which psychological principle is represented in the area highlighted in the graph? ~ action potential when its at the ends a dips

The refractory period of the neural transmission process.

A research study seeks to examine the influence of REM sleep disruption on memory and attention. To investigate this, researchers gather a representative sample of healthy participants ages 18 to 40 years old with no prior history of sleep disorders or psychiatric conditions. They give each participant a baseline cognitive functioning test. The participants are housed in a sleep research lab for the duration of the study where they have their REM sleep disrupted multiple times each night. Following a three-week period of REM sleep disruption, participants will repeat the initial cognitive assessments to evaluate changes in performance. Which of the following research methods is being used in this study?

An experiment

A researcher discovered a chemical compound that seems to slow down the heart rate of monkeys by targeting an area of the medulla. The researcher believes that the compound could help reduce the symptoms associated with panic disorder. Which of the following is the appropriate next step for the researcher to take after developing the compound into a new drug?

Apply to an institutional review board (IRB) to begin animal trials for the drug.

Dr. Handler conducted research to explore the extent to which hearing acuity changes with age. She tested the absolute threshold for hearing in 10 subjects of various ages. The results are presented in the table. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion based on the data presented in the table?

As age increases, the ability to detect higher pitched sounds tends to decrease.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following would explain why the students changed details in their recall of the study?

Availability heuristic

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Below is a transcript of a case study about an individual named Arjun. ~Which of the following parts of the brain was severed to address Arjun's epileptic seizures?

Broca's Area

Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost?

Confirmation bias

Below is a transcript of a case study about an individual named Arjun. Arjun was diagnosed with epilepsy and struggled with seizures regularly. After trying multiple unsuccessful treatments, his neurologist recommended surgery that severed the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. ~ Which of the following parts of the brain was severed to address Arjun's epileptic seizures?

Corpus Callosum

Dr. Felder is studying whether the color of a drink impacts how a person experiences the taste of the drink. She has an orange-flavored liquid that she dyes either orange, purple, or blue, and gives it to participants to drink. She then asks them to describe the taste. Which of the following would best help her evaluate the impact of vision on taste?

Create an additional control condition in which participants wear blindfolds while they taste the drink.

Using the diagram, during which of the following do individuals typically dream?

D

Dr. Copeland is interested in studying how diet impacts the nervous system activity of professional dancers. She randomly assigns a group of professional ballet dancers to either a protein-rich diet or a carbohydrate-rich diet. After three weeks on each food plan, she measures the function of specific parts of the brain and nervous systems while they are dancing. ~ Which of the following is true about Dr. Copeland's study?

Dr. Copeland is conducting an experiment.

Dr. Jones conducted a study in which he surveyed participants and compared their reported levels of physical activity to their measures of brain plasticity. Dr. Jones concludes that higher levels of physical activity cause a greater degree of neuroplastic changes in the brain. He plans to publish his findings. What mistake is Dr. Jones making in his research conclusion?

Dr. Jones's study was correlational, so it cannot generate a causal conclusion.

Dr. Popoca studied the characteristics of individuals experiencing red-green and yellow-blue color vision deficiency. They recruited one individual with each type of color vision deficiency and assessed each person three times per week for a period of three months. They found that all of the participants in their study were left-handed. Following their research, Dr. Popoca concludes that all individuals who experience dichromatism are left-handed. Why is their conclusion inappropriate based on their research strategy?

Dr. Popoca has conducted a case study, which cannot be generalized to the population.

Which of the follow scenarios is the best example of natural selection?

During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before.

Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school because she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as a team member. After failing to make the debate team, Fatima remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the History Club. She now decides that she knew she should not have tried out since she is a sophomore and not a member of the History Club. Which of the following cognitive processes is Fatima using to justify her failure to make the team?

Hindsight bias

Researchers were interested in whether there is a correlation between binocular cues and depth perception. Which of the following would be an operational definition of depth perception?

How many times a person accurately judges the distance of an object

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus?

It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following best describes the type of sample used in this study?

It was a study that involved convenience sampling.

Which of the following monocular depth cues is most represented in the image?

Linear perspective

Dr. Barry conducted a study in which participants were put into a driving simulator that mimicked the experience of driving a car on the highway. Participants were split into three groups: -The Silence condition, where participants drove in silence with no external distractions -The Radio condition, where participants listened to the radio while driving and were told they would be asked questions about what they heard after -The Cell Phone condition, where participants received text messages every 90 seconds and were told they would be asked questions about the messages after At random intervals during the driving time, participants would see obstacles they needed to avoid, and the simulator would record how long it took the participants to hit the brake. The results of the study are given in the figure: What conclusion could the researchers best draw from the results collected in the study?

Listening to the radio does impair a driver's responsiveness, but not as much as paying attention to a cell phone.

A study was conducted to determine the power of a new chemical to increase the quality of olfactory sensations in humans. Participants were asked to rate the quality of a chocolate bar, before and after inhaling the chemical on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning low quality and 10 meaning high quality. Analysis of the data showed that the difference in perceived quality of the chocolate bar before and after exposure to the chemical was statistically significant. Which of the following should the researchers in this study do out of a concern for ethical data collection?

Make sure the chemical does not affect the participants' olfactory systems long-term.

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus?

Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

A researcher evaluated over 300 studies where algorithms were used to predict the future of the stock market. This study determined that Algorithms accurately predicted the stock market within three percentage points on average. These findings were later provided to individuals who follow the market to inform them about when to sell or buy stocks. Which of the following research techniques best represents the research described?

Meta-analysis

The figure shows the myelin sheath, a semipermeable membrane that provides support and helps speed up the action potential in neurons. What condition occurs when the immune system causes the deterioration of the myelin sheath?

Multiple sclerosis

In an experiment, participants sat at a computer and were told to focus on an X on the screen for 50 milliseconds. After this, a horizontal or vertical line was presented for 100 milliseconds. Participants were instructed to press a button every time a horizontal line appeared. Participants in the Reward condition received ten cents for each time they correctly pressed the button when the horizontal line appeared, while participants in the Punishment condition started the experiment with $10 and lost ten cents every time they incorrectly pressed the button when there was no horizontal line. The results are given in the table. Which of the following is the best conclusion based the data in the table? (punishment condition, reward conditions)

Participants in the Reward condition are more likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one.

An institutional review board (IRB) rejected a proposal for research where participants requesting to lesion Wernicke's Area in otherwise healthy individuals to study the resulting speech comprehension issues. Which of the following is the most likely ethical consideration for rejecting the study?

Protection from Harm

A manager of a company that makes self-driving cars is interested in showing that self-driving cars cause fewer accidents than traditional cars. She recruited 30 people for her study. After keeping her participants awake for 24 hours straight, she randomly assigned them to either drive a traditional car or a self-driving car. Which of the following is the most significant ethical factor that might influence the approval of this study?

Protection from harm

Researchers randomly assigned 50 elementary school children to place a plug on their nose to limit their sense of smell. The children were then presented with a series of different foods and asked to rate the taste, texture, and intensity on a scale from 1 to 5. Another 50 children were randomly placed in a group with no nose plug and asked to rate the same food using the same scale. Using random assignment in this study can help with which of the following?

Random assignment to groups would allow researchers to understand if the differences between groups was due to the independent variable (the nose plug).

Two researchers are interested in the social skills by people with synesthesia to perceive color. Researcher A interviews people with this disorder, and Researcher B creates a survey with a dozen questions that the participants answer using a numeric scale. Which of the following is true about this research scenario?

Researcher B is using a quantitative measure.

A psychologist was interested in how people of different cultures choose a pet. They posted on social media a question that asked people to respond with what kind of animal would make a good pet. Which of the following psychological concepts would best characterize what the psychologist was examining?

Schemas

One night, Noel went to a new restaurant. While waiting for her meal, she could not ignore the slurping sound the other diners made while eating. She was so focused on that sound that she could not even enjoy her meal. Which of the following concepts explains Noel's experience?

Selective attention

Ms. Harrison asks students in her psychology class to record how many hours of sleep they get every night and what they eat for breakfast. When the class looks at the data, they find that the fewer hours of sleep they get, the more they eat for breakfast. Which of the following is a limitation of self-report research?

Self-report data is subject to the social desirability bias

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis using operational definitions about people who have undergone split-brain surgery to help control severe epilepsy?

Split-brain patients will not be able to name an object placed in their left visual field.

Dr. Wilson, who teaches engineering classes, is interested in learning about how lack of sleep affects performance. What would be the best way to ensure that her findings are generalizable to all the students at her university?

Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits

Researchers were interested in whether the rods or the cones in the retina were more sensitive to detecting the movement and the color of objects in the environment. Research participants were asked to stare at a focus point while the researcher, starting at 0º, moved a red-colored object slowly around the edge of the arc apparatus. The degree of the angle when the participants first observed movement and color were documented. The mean degrees for each are presented in the table. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this data?(about colored object and focus point)

The average angle the participant first notices movement will be larger than the average angle for first noticing the color.

Researchers conducted an experiment on baboons by inserting a wire into the reticular activating system (RAS) that produced a mild electrical current. The researchers stimulated the RAS while the baboons were performing different tasks. Which of the following operational definitions would be most easily replicated by other researchers trying to duplicate the experiment?

The baboons' heart rates were measured by a monitor attached to their chest before and after the RAS was stimulated.

Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. ~What is the operational definition of neural activity in the rats?

The color presented in the MRI images.

A psychological study to determine the harmful effects of sleep disruption asked a company to start an overnight shift without notice. Many of the employees began to have accidents while on the job. The researchers conclude that a sudden change in circadian rhythm causes an effect on job performance. What ethical concern may be present in this study?

The employees did not provide informed consent and were not given the option to withdraw from the study.

Volunteers were asked to rate the taste of foods during allergy season on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning low intensity of flavor and 10 meaning high intensity of flavor. The researchers also asked participants to rate their level of nasal congestion on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning no nasal congestion and 10 meaning complete blockage of airways with congestion. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion to draw from the data presented in the scatterplot? ( neg slope scatterplots, nasal congestion/flavor)

The experience of flavor is negatively correlated with levels of nasal congestion.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What was the independent variable in this research study?

The heaviness of the weights

Professor Janeja is studying which brain regions are involved in learning to correctly navigate a maze task. She randomly assigns half of a group of mice to get a lesion in one area of the brain. The other half does not get a lesion. Based on the following graph, where in the brain is the most likely site of the lesion?

The hippocampus

Much of the research regarding the function of brain areas has been gathered from case studies of individuals with brain injury or disease. Which of the following identifies a reason for this?

The independent variable in an experiment would inflict brain injury, which is unethical.

Dr. Ronaldo wants to measure levels of creativity in the participants in his study. He presents an ambiguous object and records how long it takes for the participants to come up with at least six practical uses for each of the objects. The data in the graph represent the time and the number of participants who completed the six responses within that time range. Which of the following best represents the measures of central tendency in this data set?

The mean will be higher than the mode

Dr. Copeland found that ballet dancers on a carbohydrate-rich diet had greater activity levels in the somatic nervous system. Which is a prediction that can be made from these findings?

The nervous system activation for any other type of dancers on carbohydrate-rich diets would be similar.

In a groundbreaking study, a researcher shared a translation of an American Indian folk tale with middle-class British participants. Later, the participants were asked to repeat the story. The researcher measured the accuracy of their recollections when they were repeating the story. Several of the participants changed the words "canoes" to "boats" and "hunting seals" to "fishing". Which of the following explains why the participants made errors in their recollections?

The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. If this study were to run as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary?

The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.

A study was conducted to determine the power of a new chemical to increase the quality of olfactory sensations in humans. Participants were asked to rate the quality of a chocolate bar, before and after inhaling the chemical on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning low quality and 10 meaning high quality. Analysis of the data showed that the difference in perceived quality of the chocolate bar before and after exposure to the chemical was statistically significant. In this scenario, which of the following best describes the finding that the results were statistically significant?

The perceived quality of the chocolate bar went up after being exposed to the chemical, and this was not due to chance.