psych of addiction quiz 4

alcohol behavioral effects: crime & violence

alcohol use is correlated with: • homicide • assault, spousal and child abuse, and date rape • suicide

driving under the influence

alcohol-related fatalities are a greater proportion of the fatalities occurring during dark hours and on the weekends - risk of a fatal crash is dose-related (there is a sharp increase in risk as B A C increases over 0.10) - men are more likely than women to be involved in an alcohol-related traffic fatality - 90 percent of the intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes have never been convicted of driving under the influence in the past

________ should be carried out in an inpatient medical setting

detoxification

what is the single biggest influence on smoking rates among adults? percentage of smokers by education?

education - graduates from college: 12% - high-school education: 31%

mood changes can include

euphoria, reduced anxieties, and reduced inhibitions

there are more than __ million former smokers in the US

40

how many milligrams of nicotine is lethal does in humans?

60 *a cigar contains twice that much * not delivered fast enough or in a high enough does to be lethal

nicotine is deactivated in the liver, with __ to __ % being modified and ten excreted through the kidneys

80, 90

inhalation is very effective. what % of inhaled nicotine is absorbed?

90

distilled spirits contain ___% pure ethyl alcohol, that is 190 proof

95

alcohol increases the risk of

injury & death

symptoms of nicotine poisoning

low-level poisoning: nausea, dizziness, and general weakness *often experienced by beginning smokers acute poisoning: tremors, convulsions, paralysis of muscles used in respiration, and death

what major diseases are linked to smoking?

lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive lung disease

components of environmental smoke

mainstream smoke (smoke inhaled by smoker) and sidestream smoke (smoke rising from the ash of a cigarette, which contains more carcinogens & is more diluted)

most common form of smokeless tobacco

moist snuff - sold in cans such as Skoal & Copenhagen - nicotine is absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth

alcohol absorption

most absorption happens in the small intestine • some alcohol is absorbed in the stomach slower if there is food or water in the stomach. faster in the presence of carbonated beverages.

connection of alcohol use with immune system

observed increase in the frequency of various infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, yellow fever, cholera, and hepatitis B

alcohol behavioral effects: blackouts

periods during alcohol use in which the drinking individual appears to function normally but later, when the individual is sober, he or she cannot recall any events that occurred during that period

what factors play a role in the effects of nicotine?

user expectation, environmental setting, and genetics

snuff

- 18th century: Snuff use became widespread as smoking decreased - Snuff replaced the pipe in England - American use declined after the Revolutionary War

electronic cigarettes

- 1988: R. J. Reynolds attempted to market a sort of noncigarette cigarette. - examples: Premier and Eclipse - no longer marketed now. - several battery-powered electronic cigarettes began to be imported from China in 2004. - although subject to new FDA rules, a wide variety of electronic cigarettes and other devices are currently available

chewing tobacco

- 19th century: Chewing tobacco was widespread in the United States - smoking did not surpass chewing until the 1920s

percentage of smokers who reported past-month cigarette use

- 8th graders planning to complete a 4-year college degree: 2% - 8th graders without a plan for a full college degree: 6.3%.

view of alcoholics anonymous

- Alcohol dependence is a progressive disease characterized by loss of control over drinking - The only treatment is abstinence from alcohol - Disease model: alcohol dependence is the primary disease and not the result of another underlying cause

cigars

- a combination of chewing and smoking - peaked in popularity in 1920

tobacco

- a legal product that is used by a significant proportion of adults - responsible for higher rates of adverse health consequences and death than any other drug

alcohol metabolism

- about 90 percent of alcohol is metabolized in the liver - about 2 percent of alcohol is excreted unchanged: in the breath, through the skin, in the urine - liver responds to chronic intake of alcohol by increasing the activity of metabolic enzymes (contributes to tolerance among heavy users) - for heavy alcohol users: when alcohol is present, the metabolism of other drugs is slower & when alcohol is not present, the metabolism of other drugs is faster - in general, alcohol depresses the central nervous system, or CNS

connection of alcohol use with cancer

- alcohol use is associated with cancers of the mouth, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, lung, pancreas, colon, and rectum - interaction with cigarette smoking increases the incidence of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

alcohol behavioral effects: sexual behavior

- alcohol use may enhance interest in sex but impair physiological arousal - linked to risky sexual behavior

alcohol consumption trends in the U.S.

- alcohol use rose through most of the 1970s and peaked in 1981 - use of illicit drugs also reached a peak about the same time - declined between the years 1981 and 1995

what are the effects of the (BAC) blood alcohol level?

- at low blood alcohol levels, complex, abstract, and poorly learned behaviors are disrupted - as blood alcohol levels increase, better learned and simpler behaviors are also affected behavioral effects are greater with a rapid increase of BAC a higher BAC is necessary to impair the performance of a chronic, heavy drinker than to impair a moderate drinker's performance

connection of alcohol use with heart disease

- cardiomyopathy, heart attack, hypertension, and stroke - moderate alcohol use may reduce heart attack risk

what are grain neutral spirits & give examples

- clear liquid that is tasteless - used to make various beverages examples *gin: distillate filtered through juniper berries and then diluted with water *vodka: a mixture of grain-neutral spirits and water *whiskey: distilled at a lower proof, not more than 160

fetal alcohol syndrome

- facial and developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy - rrelated to peak B A C and to the duration of alcohol exposure - prevalent in about 2 of 1,000 live births diagnostic criteria: - growth retardation occurring before and slash or after birth - pattern of abnormal features of the face and head or evidence of retarded formation of the midfacial area - evidence of CNS abnormality or other evidence of abnormal neurobehavioral development

light beer

- has fewer calories, a lighter taste, and less alcohol - mash is fermented at a cooler temperature for a longer time (this converts more of the sugars to alcohol) - then water is added to adjust the alcohol content

what are 2 pieces of advice when someone has alcohol toxicity?

- if someone drinks enough to pass out: do not leave the person alone to sleep it off & place the person on his or her side and monitor the person's breathing or take the person to the emergency room immediately - if someone drinks enough to vomit: the individual should stop drinking (vomiting reflex is triggered by rapidly rising B A C, usually above 0.12 percent, and is inhibited when B A C reaches above 0.20 and can quickly reach lethal levels if one continues to drink)

health concerns of smokeless tobacco

- increased risk of dental disease and oral cancer - contains potent carcinogens such as nitrosamines - causes leukoplakia - can lead to nicotine dependence

reasons for decrease in hunger after smoking

- inhibition of hunger contractions of the stomach - increased blood sugar level - deadening of taste buds

production process of beer

- made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains - hops are added with yeast to give beer its distinctive, pungent flavor

production of wine

- made from fermented grapes - a large volume of wine is produced in mechanized, sterilized wine factories - many small wineries operate alongside the industry giants *most wines contain about 12 percent alcohol

gender differences in alcohol consumption

- males are more likely to drink than females - males are more likely than females to report binge drinking within the past 30 days

smoking during pregnancy caused an increased risk of

- miscarriage - low birth weight - sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS

the physiological effect of nicotine: mechanism of action

- nicotine mimics acetylcholine by acting at several nicotinic subtypes of cholinergic receptor site - first stimulates and then blocks the receptors - also causes the release of adrenaline and has a sympathomimetic action

distillation

- process in which a solution containing alcohol is heated, and the vapors are collected and condensed into liquid form again - said to be discovered in Arabia around A D 800 - introduced in Europe around the tenth century

ways to stop smoking

- replacement therapy: delivering nicotine without tars and carbon monoxide (produced in many forms such as gum, patches, inhaler or nasal spray, and lozenges) - pharmacological therapy: example- Bupropion, or Zyban *Combining counseling and pharmacological treatments increases the odds of quitting

what long-lasting effects can smoking during pregnancy have on both the intellectual and physical development of children?

- small but consistent differences in body size - neurological problems - problems with reading and mathematical skills - hyperactivity at various ages

cigarettes

- thin reeds filled with tobacco had been seen by the Spanish in Yucatan in 1518 - factories appeared in the 19th century - spread widely with the advent of machine-produced cigarettes

advantages of smokeless tobacco

- unlikely to cause lung cancer - less expensive - more socially acceptable

varieties of wine

- wines are often named for the type of grape used to make them, or for one of the traditional European land areas known for producing a particular kind of wine red versus white sweet versus dry sparkling wines fortified wines (have an alcohol content near 20 percent)

CNS and circulatory system effects

-increased heart rate and blood pressure -increased oxygen need of the heart -decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood -causes shortness of breath -increased platelet adhesiveness -increases the tendency to clot -increased electrical activity in the cortex

stages of withdrawal

Stage 1: Tremors, excessively rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, and insomnia. Stage 2: Hallucinations, which are auditory, visual, tactile, or a combination of these; and, rarely, olfactory signs. Stage 3: Delusions, disorientation, delirium, and amnesia. Stage 4: Seizures *Medical treatment is usually sought in stage 1 or 2, and rapid intervention with a sedative drug will prevent stage 3 or 4 from occurring

proof

a measure of the alcohol content of a distilled beverage - the percentage of alcohol by volume is one-half of the proof number - example: 90-proof whiskey is 45 percent alcohol

nicotine

a naturally occurring liquid alkaloid that is colorless and volatile *tolerance & dependence develop quickly

what is a standard drink?

a standard drink has about 0.5 ounces of absolute alcohol and is equivalent to: - 12 ounces of beer at about 4 percent alcohol - 4 ounces of wine at 12 percent alcohol - 1 ounce of 100-proof spirits or 1.25 ounces of 80-proof spirits

loss of brain tissue is associated with

alcohol brain dementia -Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: achronic mental impairment produced by heavy alcohol use over a long period of time

secondhand smoke

cigarette smoke inhaled from the environment by nonsmokers

consumption patterns are influenced by _____ factors

cultural

withdrawal syndrome

physical dependence associated with prolonged heavy use of alcohol is revealed when alcohol intake is stopped - abstinence syndrome is medically more severe and more deadly than withdrawal from opioid drugs - if untreated, mortality can be as high as 1 in 7

connection of alcohol use with liver disease

prolonged and high levels of alcohol consumption can cause alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis

nicotine has both _______ and _______ effects

stimulant and calming

_____ is the primary reinforcing substance in tobacco

the primary reinforcing substance in tobacco

alcohol distribution

• Blood alcohol concentration, or B A C. - measure of the concentration of alcohol in blood, which is expressed as a percentage in terms of grams per 100 milliliters • Alcohol is distributed throughout the body fluids, including the blood, but does not distribute much into fatty tissues