Psych Research Methods /Quiz 1-12 (Not 4 and 9)
What type of experimental design is notated as: N O X O N O O A. Typical experiment B. Quasi-Experimental C. One-shot case study D. Pre-test-post-test randomized control group design
B
Which experimental design notation represents the standard experimental design? A. X O B. R X O R O C. N O X O N O O D. R O X O R O O
B
Biased samples are likely to suffer from what particular threat to validity A. selection B. social desirability C. ethnocentrism D. convenience
A
Consider the following scores in a data set: 2, 3, 4, 6, 1, 3. What is the mode? A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 20
A
If the researchers used a statistical software or computer program what type of hypothesis will theprogram likely assume by default? A. Type I B. Type II C. one-tailed D. two-tailed
D
Decision making about participating in a study involves all of the following EXCEPT: A. Absence or presence of a particular Diagnosis B. Autonomous ability to express a clear decision C. Understanding or comprehension of the informed consent D. Reasoning about the risk and benefits
A
If the researchers want to double-check their interpretation using a table, what information will they need? A. DF B. alpha C. type of hypothesis (one vs. two tailed) D. all of the above
D
If the researchers rejected the null and assumed INCORRECTLY that happiness is affected by how you spend money they have made a Type _______ error. 1 2
1
A group of researchers is doing a survey of college students. They are trying to figure out how much a college student typically works out in week. What type of test would this survey be? A. personality and attitude test B. normed reference test C. not enough information is presented D. intelligence test
A
A researcher administers a sleep quality test to 100 men and women and asked them to self-report anxiety levels. He hypothesizes that those with less anxiety will perform better on the sleep quality test. After he collected the data, he analyzed that anxiety levels were significantly related to sleep quality, r(100) = 0.2, p = 0.003. What is the null hypothesis for this study? A. There is no relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality. B. There will be a positive relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality scores. C. People with higher anxiety will perform better than married people on the sleep quality assessment. D. People with lower anxiety will perform better than singles on the sleep quality assessment.
A
ACT scores are measured on an interval scale of measurement because A. There are equal intervals between ACT scores but not a true zero point. B. There is a true zero point possible in ACT scores. C. ACT scores are rank ordered and there are not equal intervals between scores. D. The scores represent mutually exclusive categories.
A
According to Classic Test Theory, a score on a test represents what two things: A. true score and error B. reliability and validity C. estimated score and predictive score D. internal consistency and error of measurement
A
After reading a study that concluded that women are easier to persuade than men, Dr. Jenkins decided to perform a similar study to see if she obtains the same results. This is an example of: A. replication B. objectivity C. control D. repeated measures
A
An operational definition is: A. The exact way we measured and manipulated a variable at all its levels B. A shorthand way of writing an experiment (for example: R X O) C. The informal way of describing a psychological term D. The way the order of possible answers effects the outcome
A
Dr. Hyde is convinced that childhood abuse leads to personality disorders. Unfortunately, this important question about human nature cannot be tested with an experiment. This best illustrates the A. ethical dilemma B. role of theory C. experimental dilemma D. confounding nature of psychology
A
Dr. Philips has been studying Attachment Theory for years. He decides to test the prediction that attachments are strongest if formed within the first year of life. He hypothesizes that children who are adopted before their first birthday will be more attached to their adopted mothers than children adopted after their first birthday. Dr. Philips conducts a study to test his prediction. Which scientific approach to problem solving did he use? A. deductive reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. principle of falsifiability D. pseudoscience
A
Dr. Smith's plans to measure self-esteem and run parametric statistics, such as a t-test to compare groups. He tells his statistician that he is worried because self-esteem tends to be skewed in the population, with most people scoring higher rather than lower. Which statement is the statisticianlikely to make if he is thinking about the Central Limit Theorem. A. "As long as your sample has at least 30 people, you should be fine." B. "As long as your self-esteem measure is on an interval or ratio scale, you should be fine." C. "As long as your mean score isn't skewed, you should be fine." D. "As long as your standard deviation isn't too big, you should be fine."
A
Henry tells his advisor that he plans to use the revised Beck Depression Inventory to measure depression in his sample of children. He argues that it has been used a lot and has a reliability of .90 according to the 1996 publication manual. What is his advisor likely to say in response? A. "Ok, but only if you find recent validation studies using the measure on children." B. "Good choice. That is a very high reliability value." C. "Good choice, there is a manual so it must be valid and reliable." D. "Find a new measure. That is a low reliability."
A
If John cannot find enough participants for his study on addicted homeless veterans, what is another research technique he might consider? A. the snowball technique B. volunteerism C. interviewer drift D. social constructionism
A
If John wanted to interview a specific group, such as homeless veterans who are addicted to drugs, what technique is he most likely to use to find a sample that meets his criterion. A. A purposive sample of veterans being treated for addictions at a clinic for homeless individuals. B. A convenience sample of all veterans at the VA hospital C. A simple random sample of all homeless people in the region D. A stratified random sample of homeless people staying at shelters in the region
A
If the researchers claim that the analysis of happiness was statistically significant what is the most likely alpha level? A. .05 B. .10 C. .01 D. .001
A
If you validate your test of alcoholism by using the scores to know who will end up in a detox unit within a year you are attempting to show that your test has what kind of validity? A. Predictive B. Content C. Discriminant D. Concurrent
A
In the film, researchers decided to study attractiveness in the field instead of the laboratory. In doing so, the researchers gave up some control in order to make the study more generalizable. This is known as A. The experimental dilemma B. The confounding variable problem C. Counterbalancing D. The ethical dilemma
A
Pavlov discovered classical conditioning while he was studying digestion in dogs. He happened to notice that his dogs salivated at his appearance. His discovery was made through A. serendipity (accidental) B. inspiration C. necessity D. theory
A
Predicting that individuals with high self-esteem will score significantly lower on measures of depression than individuals with low self-esteem is an example of a(n): A. directional hypothesis. B. nondirectional hypothesis. C. deductive research hypothesis. D. inductive research hypothesis.
A
Reliability is to _________ as validity is to _______________. A. Consistency; accuracy B. Accuracy; consistency C. Measurement; experimentation D. Experimentation; measurement
A
Reliability is usually considered to be acceptable if it is at least: A. .80 B. 1.00 C. .50 D. valid
A
Parametric statistics are appropriate at times for all scales of measurement EXCEPT A. Ordinal Type II B. Interval C. Ratio D. Nominal
D
Researchers hypothesized that spending money on things that lead to more free time (e.g.,housekeeper) would lead to more happiness than spending money on material items. Researchers asked almost 4,500 participants how much money they spent each month paying people to do tasks they disliked, and also asked them to rate their life satisfaction. Those who spent more money on time-saving expenses had greater life satisfaction (p = .005). In a follow-up experiment, the researchers assigned 60 participants to spend $40 on a time-saving purchase on one weekend and $40 on a material purchase on another weekend, then asked them to report their mood that day and satisfaction with their purchases. Participants felt happier (p = .02) when they spent the money buying time compared with material goods, but equally satisfied with their purchase decision, (p = .45). What is a null hypothesis that might fit this study? A. There will be no difference between happiness levels depending on how they spent the money. B. Those who spend more money on material items will be less happy than those who spend it on free time. C. Those who spend money on free time will be happier than those who spend it on stuff. D. There will be a difference in happiness levels depending on how you spend your money.
A
The _____procedure is being used when an inventory is given two times to the same participants. A. test-retest reliability B. inter-rater reliability C. split-half reliability D. criterion-based reliability
A
The possible values for a correlation are A. -1.00 to 1.00 B. 0 to 1.00 C. -0.5 to 0.5 D. -0.999 to 0.999
A
Two experimenters recruit 40 participants to be involved in their study measuring the effects of fluorescent lighting on mood. They plan to have one group take a test in a room with fluorescent lighting and another group take a test in a room with warm lighting. They pull the names of each participant out of a hat to determine the two experimental groups. What is this method called? A. random assignment B. natural selection C. natural assignment D. random selection
A
What is the multi-trait, multi-method matrix used for in test validation? A. to rule out the effect of a shared method B. to determine predictive validity C. to estimate the effect of psychometrics on the test taker D. to determine if the test has subscales as expected
A
What percentage of scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean in a standardized normal distribution? A. 95% B. 99.7% C. 68% D. 19.1%
A
What should you do before you write your experimental hypothesis? A. review the relevant literature B. design your experiment C. look for reliable measures D. identify who will be in your study
A
What statistical method of validity measures how well the items "hang together" A. Chronbach's Alpha B. inter-rater reliability C. construct validity D. Criterion-related validity
A
Which Belmont Report Guidelines most closely follows the Hippocratic Oath? A. Beneficence B. None of these C. Justice D. Respect for Persons
A
Which of the following could NOT be studied experimentally? A. The effects of gender on risk of dementia. B. The effects of lavender oil scent on sleep. C. The effects of counting money on greed. D. The effects of cuddling a kitten on stress hormones.
A
Which of the following is NOT TRUE concerning Milligan's IRB? A. Experiments must be reviewed by the full committee because they involve an intervention. B. Studies involving deception must be reviewed by the full committee. C. Research on publicly available data does not need to be reviewed by the IRB. D. Classroom demonstrations of research techniques are exempt from review.
A
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the standard deviation (SD)? A. The larger the SD, the smaller the variation B. The larger the SD, the greater the variation C. The SD is always equal to or greater than zero D. The SD is influenced by extreme scores
A
Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary source? A. a newspaper article describing an experiment B. a dissertation on an experiment C. an empirical report of an experiment (a journal article) D. an unpublished manuscript of an experiment
A
Which of the following levels is this data significant at? Select all that apply. A. 0.05 B. 0.01 C. the data is not statistically significant D. 0.001
A, B, D
A researcher administers a sleep quality test to 100 men and women and asked them to self-report anxiety levels. He hypothesizes that those with less anxiety will perform better on the sleep quality test. After he collected the data, he analyzed that anxiety levels were significantly related to sleep quality, r(100) = 0.2, p = 0.003. In terms of practical significance (effect size), how influential is anxiety levels on sleep quality? A. 0.3% of the variation between the variables is due to anxiety levels, the other 99.7% is due to something else. B. just 4% of the variation between the two groups is due to anxiety levels, 96% is due to something else. C. 98% of the variation between the two groups is due to anxiety levels. The other 2% is due to something else. D. 99.7% of the variation between the two groups is due to anxiety levels. The other 0.3% is due to something else.
B
Dr. Bloom has been studying the effects of marketing on children for 10 years. Her observations indicate that the more often a child watches a commercial, the more likely they will be to ask their parent to buy the product but ONLY if the commercial airs during children's programming. After seeing these results time and again, she proposes a theory she calls Program Identity and Subsequent Product Assimilation. Dr. Bloom has used which scientific approach to problem solving? A. deductive reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. principle of falsifiability D. pseudoscience
B
Dr. Margin says she would like to reduce sampling error in her study, what advice would you give her? A. Increase the variability in her sample B. Increase her sample size C. Include only one independent variable at a time D. Increase the number of dependent variables she measures
B
From the video we watched in class on naturalistic observation, what was one of the limitations that the video listed for the casino study? A. the study did not represent real-world phenomenon B. the study was unrepeatable C. the researchers were unable to collect enough data D. the study was highly influenced by the Hawthorne effect
B
How does reverse coding work in a survey? A. It measures depression B. It flips the score to match the construct you are measuring C. It adds up the score at the end of the survey D. It uses reverse psychology to confuse the participant
B
If you calculate a statistic by hand, this computed value must be __________ the ___________ valuein order to be considered statistically significant. A. below; critical B. above; critical C. below; computed D. above; computed
B
In a normal distribution, A. There is no predictable relationship between the mean, median and mode. B. The mean, median and mode all have the same value. C. The mean has a lower value than the median and mode. D. The mean has a higher value than the median and mode.
B
Kendra and Macy are testing to find people's perception of women athletes portrayed in different environments. They show their participants a photo of an athlete playing her sport and a photo of her at an after party and ask for people to respond to the two photos with questions rating their professionalism, modesty, and role model abilities. A. What is/are the independent variable(s) in this study? the responses of the participants towards the woman athlete B. the two photos of the woman athlete that show her in two different environments C. the professionalism, modesty, and role model abilities of the athlete D. the gender of the participants taking the survey
B
One strength of the case study method is that A. All of the above are strengths of the case study method. B. the research often leads to ideas for future research. C. the results exhibit high generalizability. D. researchers can be certain about the causes of behavior.
B
The only systematic source for getting a research idea in this list is: A. inspiration B. past research C. serendipity D. observation
B
To test the discriminant validity of your new anxiety scale you would most likely A. correlate it with the Speilberger Trait Anxiety Scale B. correlate it with a measure of conscientiousness. C. calculate Cronbach's alpha D. give it to the same participants to take more than once.
B
What does an alpha of .001 mean? A. That there is a 1% probability that the results were due to chance. B. That there is a 0.1% probability that the results were due to chance. C. That there is a 10% probability that the results were due to chance. D. That there is a high probably that the results were due to chance.
B
What is the probability that they made such an error? A. .02% B. 2% C. 20% D. unable to determine for this type of error
B
What is the problem with having a study that is low in generalizability? A. It won't allow for random assignment B. It won't apply to most of the population. C. It will give the experimenters limited control D. It will have low statical significance.
B
What percentage of scores fall above the median in a normal distribution? A. 34% B. 50% C. 68% D. 95%
B
What type of DV measure focuses on how long a response to an independent variable lasts? A. Span B. Duration C. Perpetuation D. Rate
B
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an important characteristic of a good research idea? A. Whether the study will be a realistic representation of the world or human nature. B. Whether the study results can immediately solve a practical problem. C. Whether the study can be repeated later if needed. D. Whether the study can be carried out realistically (e.g., cost, time).
B
Why do we need operational definitions? A. Evaluation of measures B. All of the above C. Accurate Replication D. Compare studies and make generalizations
B
"Rachel made half as many mistakes as Erin." If this statement has been used correctly then itmeans that the data upon which it is based must be a(n) _____________ level of measurement? A. Ordinal B. Interval C. Ratio D. Nominal
C
All of the following are empirical methods EXCEPT A. qualitative studies B. laboratory experiments C. all of the above are examples of empirical methods D. pre-experiments or quasi-experiments
C
An example of a participant extraneous variable would be: A. the race of the experimenter who conducts the study. B. what type of noise the participants can hear has they do the study. C. what type of mood the participant is in when they come. D. what type of chair the participant is sitting on.
C
Carl needs to graph percentages that total 100%. Carl should use which kind of graph? A. Line Graph B. Frequency polygon C. Pie Chart D. Bar graph
C
In the annual point-in-time count, communities are allowed to use statistical estimates (e.g., samples) to determine the count in their district. One method is to randomly select a certain number of shelters or service providers (soup kitchens) from all possible shelters and then use the count from those shelters as an estimate of the total population. This type of sample most closely represents which type of sample: A. accidental sample B. simple random sample C. random cluster sample D. snowball sample
C
Researchers frequently present the results of an experiment in a: A. Pie Chart B. Frequency polygon C. Line graph D. Bar graph
C
Researchers hypothesized that spending money on things that lead to more free time (e.g.,housekeeper) would lead to more happiness than spending money on material items. Researchers asked almost 4,500 participants how much money they spent each month paying people to do tasks they disliked, and also asked them to rate their life satisfaction. Those who spent more money on time-saving expenses had greater life satisfaction (p = .005). In a follow-up experiment, the researchers assigned 60 participants to spend $40 on a time-saving purchase on one weekend and $40 on a material purchase on another weekend, then asked them to report their mood that day and satisfaction with their purchases. Participants felt happier (p = .02) when they spent the money buying time compared with material goods, but equally satisfied with their purchase decision, (p = .45). Which of the variables was NOT statistically significant? A. life satisfaction B. happiness C. purchase satisfaction D. none; all were statistically significant
C
The "Tuskegee Study" violated the Belmont principle of __________________________ when it unfairly subjugated one group of people to risk while at the same time denying them the benefits that were derived from the study A. Justification B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Respect for Persons
C
The annual Point-in-time Count is conducted across the U.S. every January. During a single 24 hour, an attempt is made to locate and survey every single homeless person within a congressional district to obtain an accurate number of homeless individuals in the U.S. at a given point in time. This annual count represents what? A. sampling error B. nonrandom sample C. census D. random sample
C
What are the 1-5 rating scales used in personality and attitude measurements called? A. Reliability coefficients B. Can't say from this information C. Likert-Type Scales D. Confidence interval ranges
C
What is NOT an example of a benign behavioral research study? A. A survey on adults about their reactions to different pictures of facial expressions. B. An observation on adults doing different puzzles while listening to a faint, obnoxious noise. It is short and they are aware of it before hand. C. An anonymous study on adults who are unaware they will be deceived. D. A study of adults where their identities are public information. The study is on how efficiently they can complete a task while listening to music.
C
What statistic is used to estimate both reliability and validity? A. Standard deviation B. Mean C. Correlation coefficient D. ANOVA
C
When participants have been lied to, it is the responsibility of the researcher to_______________ as soon as possible after the study A. compensate (pay them) B. justify the study to the IRB C. debrief them D. replicate the findings
C
Which of the following describe an expedited IRB review? A. Requires no review by the IRB committee B. Only requires approval from your professor or faculty supervisor C. Requires approval by one member of the IRB committee D. Requires approval by a majority of the IRB committee.
C
Which of the following is NOT required to be disclosed during informed consent? A. The general procedure of what will occur during the study B. The contact information for the principle investigator C. What the researchers are trying to learn from the study D. Freedom of the participants to exit the study without penalty
C
Which of the following is not a reason why correlation does not equal causation? A. Because you cannot know which variable caused a change in the other B. Because the relationship between the two variables might be caused by a third, unstudied variable C. Because the sample sizes are usually too small to have statistical power
C
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A. Psychological interventions require full IRB review. B. Surveys on non-sensitive topics taken anonymously would be exempt from IRB review. C. Experimental manipulations require full IRB review. D. Archival data would be exempt from IRB review.
C
Which of the following studies would most likely require a "full IRB"? A. an anonymous survey given to nursing home residents about their attitudes towards the quality of the food B. a study correlating the number of arrests, from newspaper records, and the number of people living in that city. C. a study in which the participants are asked about their criminal activity while being videotaped to later observe non-verbal signs of lying D. an experiment on the amount of daylight and testing conditions in a college class
C
Why is a risky hypothesis better than a general hypothesis? A. risky hypotheses lead to more valid results B. general hypotheses are harder to test C. easy to prove hypotheses aren't that useful D. general hypotheses cannot be repeated easily
C
A peer-reviewed article means: A. The journal that published the article has a reputation for only accepting the highest quality articles. B. The author asked his friends to read it and give feedback. C. The author send the article out to colleagues she knew for feedback. D. The editor of the journal that published the article first sent it out to experts in the field to review it.
D
A researcher administers a sleep quality test to 100 men and women and asked them to self-report anxiety levels. He hypothesizes that those with less anxiety will perform better on the sleep quality test. After he collected the data, he analyzed that anxiety levels were significantly related to sleep quality, r(100) = 0.2, p = 0.003. Which of the following is an example of a reason that prevents you from establishing cause and effect relationships for this study? A. you could have made a type 1 error, and there is no real relationship B. quality of sleep can impact anxiety levels and anxiety levels can impact sleep quality C. having clinical depression can impact both anxiety levels and quality of sleep D. All of the above
D
According to the film, all of the following contributed to the development of research codes of ethics EXCEPT: A. The Tuskegee syphilis study B. Milgram's obedience studies C. medical horrors during WWII D. the abuse of hypnosis in clinical research
D
Eric is a researcher working on the COVID 19 vaccine. He is conducting a study in which participants are divided into two groups. Group A is given is given a saline solution. Group B is given the vaccine. What is true about these groups? A. Group A is the experimental group and Group B is the control group B. Both Group A and Group B are control groups C. Neither Group A or Group B are control groups D. Group A is the control group and Group B is the Experimental Group
D
Sean writes the following hypothesis: "If students get less sleep then they will score lower on a memory test than students who get more sleep." His teacher suggests that he reconsider this hypothesis. Why? What is wrong with it? A. It violates the principle of falsifiability. B. It is non-directional. C. It is not written in the General Implication Form. D. It is not especially risky or informative.
D
What does IRB stand for? A. Institutional Resource Board B. Investigative Review Board C. Internal Review Board D. Institutional Review Board
D
What does the "A" represent in the ABAB design? A. The mean score of the first group being studied. B. The manipulation of the first IV. C. The measurement of the DV after the treatment. D. The measurement of the DV before an experimental treatment.
D
What does the N and the R stand for in experimental notation? A. No repeated measures and Repeated measures B. No representative and Randomized C. Nonequivalent and Representative D. Nonequivalent and Randomized
D
Which of the following accurately depicts a standardized normal distribution? A. Most scores occur in the extreme ends of the distribution and few scores occur in the middle. B. The frequency of scores is equal for all values. C. The distribution is determined by your data and thus has no standard appearance. D. Most scores cluster in the middle, with fewer scores as you move away from the middle.
D
Which of the following is NOT a way to measure a Dependent variable? A. Duration B. Latency C. Correctness D. Environment
D
Which of the following is an unbiased sample? A. a convenience sample B. a census C. an opportunistic sample D. random cluster sample
D
Why is it important to understand scales of measurement? A. Researchers can only analyze data on interval or ratio levels of measurement. B. Scales of measurement determine if your results are valid. C. Scales of measurement determine the direction of your hypothesis. D. The scale of measurement determines the appropriate statistical test.
D
You are measuring people's tendency to be competitive across many situations. You give them a 20item test. Their scores can range from 20-100. You are measuring the respondents on a(n)____________ scale. A. Ordinal Type I B. Nominal C. Ratio D. Interval/Ordinal Type II
D
______________ statistics summarize numbers in a data set, whereas _________________ statisticsdetermine the probability of finding those particular numbers. A. Descriptive; Measurement B. Measurement; Inferential C. Inferential; Descriptive D. Descriptive; inferential
D
A hypothesis can be proven true. True False
False
Another name for alpha is effect size. True False
False
Researchers hypothesized that spending money on things that lead to more free time (e.g.,housekeeper) would lead to more happiness than spending money on material items. Researchers asked almost 4,500 participants how much money they spent each month paying people to do tasks they disliked, and also asked them to rate their life satisfaction. Those who spent more money on time-saving expenses had greater life satisfaction (p = .005). In a follow-up experiment, the researchers assigned 60 participants to spend $40 on a time-saving purchase on one weekend and $40 on a material purchase on another weekend, then asked them to report their mood that day and satisfaction with their purchases. Participants felt happier (p = .02) when they spent the money buying time compared with material goods, but equally satisfied with their purchase decision, (p = .45). The researchers would be justified in saying they found 3 statistically significant effects. True False
False
Researchers hypothesized that spending money on things that lead to more free time (e.g.,housekeeper) would lead to more happiness than spending money on material items. Researchers asked almost 4,500 participants how much money they spent each month paying people to do tasks they disliked, and also asked them to rate their life satisfaction. Those who spent more money on time-saving expenses had greater life satisfaction (p = .005). In a follow-up experiment, the researchers assigned 60 participants to spend $40 on a time-saving purchase on one weekend and $40 on a material purchase on another weekend, then asked them to report their mood that day and satisfaction with their purchases. Participants felt happier (p = .02) when they spent the money buying time compared with material goods, but equally satisfied with their purchase decision, (p = .45). You have enough information to determine whether these effects have practical significance. True False
False
The null hypothesis is probably stated clearly in the published article even though it is not explicitly stated here. True False
False
Other than children, pregnant women, intellectual disabled, or prisoners, name two other groups who may have limited autonomy when it comes to informed consent. (1 point for each answer up to 2)
Homeless and Financially Unstable
Researchers hypothesized that spending money on things that lead to more free time (e.g.,housekeeper) would lead to more happiness than spending money on material items. Researchers asked almost 4,500 participants how much money they spent each month paying people to do tasks they disliked, and also asked them to rate their life satisfaction. Those who spent more money on time-saving expenses had greater life satisfaction (p = .005). In a follow-up experiment, the researchers assigned 60 participants to spend $40 on a time-saving purchase on one weekend and $40 on a material purchase on another weekend, then asked them to report their mood that day and satisfaction with their purchases. Participants felt happier (p = .02) when they spent the money buying time compared with material goods, but equally satisfied with their purchase decision, (p = .45). Their hypothesis regarding happiness levels was one-tailed. True/False?
True