PSYCH TEST 1i
operational definition
In reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are thereby providing a(n)
just-world phenomenon often leads people to
believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer
the frustration aggression principle most clearly pplies to individuals with higher-than average levels of
blood alcohol
new zealanders of chinese descent and european descent were asked to quickly classify faces with blended chinese and caucasian physical features. compared with observers of chinese descent, observers of european descent more readily classified ambiguous faces as
chinese
Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
clinical
When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of
cogntive dissonance theory
Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences.
common psychological processes
in millgrims first study of obedience the majority of teachers who were ordered to shocka "learner"
complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock
descriptive method
conducting a case study best illustrates
which of the following is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together
correlation
in an experimental study of the extent to which sexual arousal is stimulated by laughter, sexual arousal would be the
dependent variable
Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.
developmental
the difference between the samples is large
differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if
_____ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.
diffusion of responsibility
correlated
displaying data in a scatter plot can help us see the extent to which two variables are
biological psychology
dr tiao conducts basic research on the effect of head injuries on peoples problem-solving and abstract-reasoning kills. which psychological specialty does her research best represent
using scientific methods to investigate the claim that an optimistic outlook on life improves peoples physical health best illustrates
empirical approach
ethical principles developed by the american psychological association and the british psychological society urge investigators to
ensure that research participants give informed consent before participating in the research
In an experiment, the experimental group is
exposed to the treatment being tested by the experiment
The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will
fail to interpret the incident as an emergency
which of the following events is the most probable
flipping 6 or more heads in 10 coin flips
spaced practice and overlearning
for effective mastery of course material, the text emphasizes the value of
The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisors. This best illustrates the dangers of
groupthink
the pioneering memory researcher mary whiton calkins was denied the ___ Ph.D. degree she had earned under the mentorship of ______
harvard; william james
According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates
hindsight bias
human intuition
hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in
Dr. Birk suggests that because depression is associated with pessimistic thinking, depressed students would be more likely than nondepressed students to perceive themselves as academically incompetent. Dr. Birk's prediction regarding students' self-perceptions is an example of a(n)
hypothesis
Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
a correlation of +1.00 between physical attractiveness and dating frequency would indicate that
less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness
a statement describing how a resaercher manipulates an independent variable is known as an
operational definition
Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates. The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of
perceiving order in random events
Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
personality
a dispositional attribution is to _____ as a situational attribution is to ___
personality traits; assigned roles
Olivia, a 21-year-old university student, is quiet, relaxed, reflective, and politically liberal. Research suggests that she would most likely become a good friend of
philip, who is reflective and quiet
Professor Kim suggests that young children from all cultures can distinguish between singular and plural nouns because the concept of quantity is inborn. The Professor's suggestion would have been most readily accepted by:
plato
Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to
predict the outcomes of research studies before they are told the actual results
hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that
psychological theories and observations are merely common sense
the science of behavior and mental processes
psychology
which procedure is most likely to be used to control for possible confounding variables
random assignment
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the
range
After sports magazines give cover-story attention to the recent outstanding performances of an athlete, the individual often suffers a real decline in performance. This may be at least partially explained in terms of
regression toward the mean
Professor Bolden claims that his experimental research demonstrates that eating an apple every day improves children's reading skills. How might he best offer further support for the reliability of this finding?
replication
To verify the reliability of a new scientific finding, psychological researchers are most likely to engage in
replication
double-blind procedure
research participants and research staff are unaware of which participants received a placebo and which participants received an actual drug. this illustrates
a longitudinal study
researchers studied the effects of vitamin supplements on the health of over 600 city residents throughout their adulthood. this research procedure best illustrated
the enhanced memory that accompanies repeated self-testing of previously learned material best illustrates the value of
retrieval practice
humanistic psychologists such as _______ emphasized peoples growth potential
rogers and maslow
The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to
sigmund freud
conformity to peer pressure may lead us to behave in ways that violate our own personal convictions. this best illustrates the impact of
social control
conformity to peer pressure may lead us too behave in ways that violate our own personal convictions. this best illustrates the impact of
social control
on which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be least likely to lead to better and faster performance
solving a crossword puzzle
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?
standard deviation
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of
stereotypes
evolutionary psychology
studying the impact of natural selection on the development of behaviors and mental processes that we humans have in common is most of central intel to
the text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publlicized suicide may be the result of
suggestibility
perceiving order in coincidental events
the King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46, of this translation the forty-sixth word is "shake", and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear". Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of
Survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself
the SQ3R method encourages students to
bar graph
the average price for different brands of toothpaste could be visually displayed in an
Culture is best described as:
the enduring ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted across generaions
cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the
the frustration aggression principle
Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings
the mean is less than the mode and less than the median
A normal curve would approximate the distribution of
the physical heights of all american women
the standard deviation of the sample decreases
the precision with which a sample average approximates a population average increases as
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from:
the reciprocity norm
The precision with which a sample average approximates a population average increases as
the standard deviation of the sample decreases
john b watson
the study of inner thoughts and feelings is to the study of observable behavior as edward titchener is to
which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political attitudes and the economic status of north Americans
the survey
culture
the transmission of political practices and religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance of
while driving his girlfriend to work, nate narrowly avoided a collision with another car. moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. his romantic reaction is best explained in terms of
the two-factor theory of emotion
social loafing is the least likely to be observed in
the united states
the value of a(n) is most closely tied to its usefulness is generating testable hypothesis
theory
replication
to verify the reliability of a new scientific finding, psychological researchers are most likely to engage in
When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated
unconscious patronization
we are most likely to ______ the diversity among members of an ______
underestimate; outgroup
correlation coefficient
which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades
neuroscience
which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states
cognitive psychologists
which psychologists are most likely to be involved in basic research
psychiatrists
which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder
functionalism is to structuralism as ______ is to edward titchener
william james
to remember important ideas presented in class lectures, you would be best advised to
write them down
You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why
you failed a college test
psychologists study animals because
all of these reasons
A failure to aid a stranger who needs help in an emergency situation is especially likely when people
are in a hurry
The mean of a distribution of scores is the
arithmetic average of all the scores
Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _____ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.
attitude
To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
attribution theory
the chameleon effect involves
automatic mimicry
according to the text, an attribution is
a mental process people use to explain their behaviors and the behavior of others
students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries.
a psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own. this statement would seem unsurprising to students because
self-esteem and depression
a researcher would be MOST likely to discover a negative correlation between
Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of
a social trap
The median of a distribution of scores is the
middle score in a distribution of scores
the most frequently occuring score in a distribution of scores is the
mode
in a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur _____ often than people expect and series of tails occur _____ often than people expect
more; more
behavioral
natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently pressured to defend themselves with fists. natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________ perspective
charles darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by
natural selection
To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?
naturalistic observation
the evolutionary perspective is to ______ as the behavioral perspective is to _______
nature, nurture
nicole has been unusually quick in learning to excel in the highly competitive sports training programs at her scchool because she is more genetically predisposed to crave excitement and challenge than are her classmates. this BEST illustrates that
nurture works on what nature endows
