psych test #2

In written language, letters most closely represent __whereas sentences may be said to reflect ___________.

phonemes, syntax

Learning is defined as

a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience.

The development of a conditioned taste aversion is a real-word example of _____ in action

classical conditioning

Mental representations of categories of objects, situations, or ideas that share common features are called:

concepts

In a typical advertisement, the product or service being promoted acts as a(n) _____ for positive emotional responses.

conditioned stimulus

According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with ambivalent attachment w i l l :

continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.

The ability to construct valuable results in innovative ways is known as:

creativity

The cognitive process of choosing from alternatives that might be used to reach a goal is called ________?

decision making

In Kubler-Ross's theory, acceptance of death is most immediately preceded by:

depression

The study of insight is associated with the German psychologist __; he studied problem solving among .

kohler, chimpanzees

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:

language influences thought

Compared with Piaget, Vygotsky placed emphasis on the foundations of cognitive development.

more, social

a prototype is the

most representative example of a concept.

Heredity versus environment is another of way of referring to the debate

nature vs nurture

The WHO suggests that babies around the world learn to sit between __ months of age.

4 and 9

How do current theories of intelligence differ from those offered earlier in psychology's history?

Contemporary theories propose that there may be many multiple forms of intelligence, rather than just one.

in the framing effect

Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated.

The notion of an innate language acquisition device is associated with:

Noam chomsky

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Thorndike's law of effect is MOST similar to _____'s concept of _____.

Skinner, positive reinforcement

How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risky behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?

The prefrontal cortex matures slowly, retarding adolescents' ability to weigh p o t e n t i a l consequences.

Derwood is 8 years old and likes to do art projects at school. However, the projects he has completed so far haven't received good grades, and in several instances his friends have laughed at the things he has done. Based on Erikson's theory, Derwood may develop:

a sense of inferiority.

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is called a(n):

algorithm

A teratogen is:

an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.

If one wished to predict an individual's ability or potential for success in a given area, one would use an ____ test. If one wished to measure an individual's level of knowledge in a given area, one would use an _______ test.

aptitude, achievement

In Piaget's theory, the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas is called . The process of restructuring ideas to make room for new information i s called __________.

assimilation; accommodation

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and Internet privileges for 2 months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Most likely, Maura's parents are and Trish's are .

authoritarian; authoritative

With respect to the concept hierarchy, children generally learn to name the __ level first.

basic

Psychologists adhering to the perspective believe that language is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.

behaviorist

Emotional intelligence is positively associated with:

both academic and occupational sucess

The language acquisition device (LAD) is associated with:

chomsky

Psychologists use the term __ to refer to the patterns of physical, cognitive, and socioemotional change occurring throughout life.

development

What is a specific reading disability that is characterized by difficulty reading, writing, spelling, and/or pronouncing?

dyslexia

Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a

embryo

Actions that are kind, generous, and beneficial to others are _____ behaviors.

empathetic

According to the _____ perspective, conditioned taste aversions have an adaptive value since they help humans survive

evolutionary

Marta no longer uses a particular vending machine on campus because it has consistently failed to deliver Marta's snack or soda when she inserted her money and made her selection. Marta's experience BEST illustrates:

extinction

Ivan Pavlov investigated how organisms:

form associations between stimuli

An individual's is composed of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes.

genotype

The rules associated with word and sentence structure is ______________ and the rules used to bring meaning to words and sentences is _________________.

grammer, semantics

Broad rules of thumb for solving problems are called:

heuristics

An understanding or solution that occurs in a sudden stroke of clarity (the feeling of "aha!") is called:

insight

_____ entails a sudden awareness of the pathway to a problem's solution.

insight

Collectivist cultures, such as Taiwan's, place a high priority on how individuals relate to each other. It might be reasonable to hypothesize that Taiwanese adults would outscore American adults on a test of Gardner's ________ intelligence.

interpersonal

_____ occurs without awareness or reinforcement, and is not evident until it is needed.

latent learning

Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every 6 months over a 2-year period. In this example, Dawn is using a __ research design.

longitudinal

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In Tolman's terms, Neil is using a cognitive:

map

A psychological test is valid to the extent that it:

measures what it is supposed to

Imagine that, on average 6-year-olds can complete a particular block design puzzle in 5 minutes. It takes 6-year-old Bailey almost 8 minutes to complete the task. In Binet's terms, Bailey's age is _____than 6.

mental, lower

An individual or character whose behavior is observed and (sometimes) imitated is termed a:

model

According to the text, physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. In other words, exercise facilitates in the

neurogenesis; hippocampus

The textbook relates the story of Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor, a Harvard neuroscientist who suffered a stroke. After the stroke, the healing of Jill's brain began with changes to neurons. The general term for these kinds of changes is:

neuroplasticity

What depicts the frequency of values of a variable along a continuum; bell-shaped symmetrical distribution, with the highest point reflecting the average score?

normal curve

According to meta-analyses on the relationship between spanking and various outcomes, the conclusion for parents is to:

not spank their child since most studies find spanking is associated with negative outcomes.

Thorndike and Skinner pioneered the study of:

operant conditioning

In the framing effect:

people's decision-making can be influenced by the wording of a question or the context of a problem.

Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. He is outgoing and a risk-taker, and he excels at his job as a financial analyst. All of these observable traits are part of his:

phenotype

In written language, letters most closely represent __whereas sentences may be said to reflect _________.

phonemes, syntax

Josette provides _____ when she laughs at one of Omar's corny jokes, as demonstrated by the fact that Omar continues to tell her more jokes because he believes that she likes them.

positive reinforcement

Mavis has advanced rapidly in the corporate world, despite her middle scores on such tests as the WAIS-IV, the SAT, and GRE. Sternberg would infer that Mavis has high intelligence.

practical

Mavis has advanced rapidly in the corporate world, despite her middling scores on such tests as the WAIS-IV, the SAT, and GRE. Sternberg would infer that Mavis has high ______ intelligence.

practical

Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:

preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food.

The variety of approaches that can be used to achieve a goal is called:

problem solving

Thinking in order to reach a specific goal is called:

problem solving

Research by Cole and his colleagues (2008) and Greitemeyer (2009) indicates that prosocial media messages can encourage:

prosocial thoughts as well as prosocial behavior

Juan developed a conditioned taste aversion to ranch potato chips when he had the stomach flu last year. Now he gets nauseous just seeing a bag of ranch potato chips. The CS is the _____ and the CR is the _____.

ranch potato, nausea

The Bobo doll study showed that children were more likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors, and less likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors.

rewarded, punished

Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the __ reflex; it helps an infant to .

rooting, obtaining food

Marc never does his homework. His mother begins reinforcing him with additional "screen time" whenever he simply sits at his desk after dinner. After a week, she reinforces him only when he opens his books and notebooks. One week later, she reinforces him only when he completes at least a portion of his assigned homework. Marc's mother is using:

shaping

_________is the weakest sense in newborns.

sight

Observational learning is also called:

social learning

____ believed that intelligence could be described by a single general factor that he called "g."

spearman

Based on the textbook's discussion, phonology is the study of:

speech sounds

What is the name of the intelligence test that Lewis Terman translated and adjusted to the culture of the United States?

stanford-binet test

Meg develops a hypodermic needle phobia following a painful, bruising injection. However, Meg develops no fear of other sharp objects such as sewing needles, scissors, or knives. Meg's example demonstrates:

stimulus discrimination

The level is the broadest or topmost level of the concept h i e r a r c h y .

superordinate

When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke, they often choose homicide because they hear about more murders than they do about strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by :

the availability heuristic

When one tries to solve a problem by using a variety of strategies and eliminating those that do not work, one is using:

trail and error

An individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender is called:

transsexual

Since a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, blinking would be described here as a(n)

unconditioned response

A rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement when it receives a food pellet after a fluctuating, non-constant number of bar presses.

variable-ratio

According to the textbook, "gender roles can be acquired through observational learning." This means that gender roles may be acquired t h r o u g h :

watching others