Psych Test 3

According to the US Department of Labor (2011), the average full-time employee works 8.1 hours a day during the week, and ______ hours a day during weekends and holidays.

5.87

Which researcher produced the famous studies of obedience that involved deceiving participants into believing that they were delivering electric shocks to a helpless victim?

Milgram

Jacqueline is trying to decide what occupation will be best for her. She wants to gather information about what knowledge, skills, and abilities are needed for various careers, as well as learning about the responsibilities and tasks of those jobs. Which resource should she explore?

O*Net

When she comes to work, Janelle notes that her boss has changed the chair that is at her desk after she complained that she had been having back pain. Janelle feels more satisfied and happier at work now. According to the Hawthorne Effect, what explains Janelle's increased sense of positivity at work?

The knowledge that her boss has paid attention to her

In Stanley Milgram's research examining obedience, the participant was able to discontinue the experiment only after what took place?

The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times

Most researchers define ________ as any behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed.

aggression

In a moment of despair, Azucena swallowed a bottle of sleeping pills to try to kill herself. Thankfully her father found her, took her to the hospital, and she was rescued. Why wouldn't this action be considered an act of aggression?

because she actively sought to harm herself

The perception of what most people do in a given situation is called a(n) __________ norm.

descriptive

Which of the following would be good advice for treating aggressive tendencies?

start the treatment young, when people are still malleable and open to change

Which of the following has not been a focus of research into when people help others?

the physical distance between the bystander and the emergency

Which of the following is a traditional female gender role that might impact one's tendency to offer specific types of assistance?

women are compassionate

At what age do people appear to be the most aggressive?

1 to 3 years

Industrial/organizational psychology is a social science. This means that:

its findings will always be less exact than the physical sciences.

A person who is high in the characteristic of other-oriented empathy would be most likely to make which of the following statements?

"we have a moral obligation to help others when they are in need"

What is "O*Net"?

A vast database of occupational information containing data on hundreds of jobs.

Why does the field of psychology need a specialized area (I/O psychology) to study work behaviors, since the larger field already studies human behaviors?

Because people behavior differently at work compared with how they behave in general.

Which of the following individuals is acting in a "practitioner" capacity in the scientist-practitioner model of industrial/organizational psychology?

Charmaine, who is working on applying a new schedule that rotates employee responsibilities to eliminate boredom.

Which of the following is not one of the constraints that explains why people may behave differently at work than they would in other areas of their lives?

Employees tend to immediately leave a job that they do not like.

Which of the following individuals is considered the "founding father" of industrial/organizational psychology?

Hugo Munsterberg

Kylo is taking a social psychology course and his teacher asks students to take a computerized test that asks them to sort pictures into different categories, such as "good" and "bad." The goal of this test is to help identify automatic preferences of which a person may not be consciously aware. What is this test called?

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

What type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups?

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Which husband and wife team conducted time and motion studies, worked for General Electric to develop foot-pedal trash cans and redesign shelves in refrigerators, and had their lives documented in the book Cheaper By the Dozen?

Lillian and Frank Gilbreth

The "Dark Triad of Personality," a clustering of personality traits that are associated with aggression, include narcissism, psychopathy, and ________.

Machiavellianism

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases?

People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others

__________ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

Persuasion

Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs?

Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character

__________ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership

Prejudice

Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task?

Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.

What is the difference between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism?

SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts.

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter?

She views the police officer as an authority figure.

________ is division 14 of the American Psychological Association, and it brings together academics and practitioners who work in I/O psychology and related areas.

Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP)

Beatriz works as an industrial/organizational psychologist and is employed by the Ford Motor Company. She studies their manufacturing processes and makes recommendations about improving productivity. If she wants to be networked with others who do similar job functions, she might consider joining the:

Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP).

Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker?

The speaker presents his/her message as educational or objective information.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")?

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

If you were in graduate school for psychology right now, would I/O psychology be a good choice based on career prospects?

Yes, estimates suggest that the field is expected to grow significantly in coming years.

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

a descriptive norm

What is a heuristic?

a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently

What is the difference between aggressive behaviors and violent actions?

aggression may cause harm, but violence is intended to cause extreme physical harm (e.g., injury or death)

Which of the Big Five personality dimensions, which is defined by being sympathetic, generous, forgiving, and helpful, has received in-depth research regarding its relationship to prosocial behavior?

agreeableness

Eriqa's neighbor, Peter, has a flood that ruins his apartment. Eriqa invites him to wait in her home for the clean-up professionals to arrive. When they don't come, Eriqa tells Peter that he can stay in her guest room overnight even though she was looking forward to a night on her own. She does not ask for or expect anything in return. Eriqa is demonstrating ________.

altruism

What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message?

authority, honest, likability

Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing which of the following?

aversive racism

Having conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of hostility toward outgroup members that you are perfectly willing to admit reflects what type of bias?

blatant bias

Kyron is driving down the highway when the car in front of him gets a flat tire, swerves, and steers onto the side of the road. Kyron slams on his brakes, jumps out of his car, and runs to help the complete stranger even though he smells smoke coming from the car. Kyron's behaviors demonstrate __________.

bystander intervention

One beach in Malibu, California has been available to beachgoers for years without restriction, but lately so many people have visited it that it has become dirty and littered. As a result nobody wants to go anymore. This beach is an example of a _________.

common pool resource

Greg and Richard live in a neighborhood where there is a community garden. Each is allowed to take fruit and vegetables for their own family, but they must also remember that if they take too much the garden will fail and nobody will be able to benefit from it. This is analogous to a ________ game.

commons dilemma

Tressa and Arnold are playing at recess and they decide to create a new game. They work out the rules, get a few other kids involved, and have fun with this project of theirs. Their coordinated efforts are an example of ________.

cooperation

There are three friends - Masako, Elida, and Renata - who notice that one of the boys in their class looks very sad one morning and is holding back tears. Each of the girls thinks the others will ask him what is wrong and be supportive and so none of them say a word. This failure to act because they thought others would is called ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________.

discrimination

The stereotype content model suggests that when we interact with homeless people we feel what type of emotional prejudice?

disgust

Oscar would like to go to a movie without supervision. To try and get what he wants, he starts by asking his mom if he can go on a trip to the Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mom says no, like he predicted, he goes on to ask if he can at least go to the movies by himself. Oscar's strategy in asking to go to the movies is an example of what persuasion trick?

door-in-the-face

"In order to want to help other people, you must first imagine yourself in their situation and feel their pain." This statement summarizes the ________ model of prosocial behavior.

empathy-altruism

Latroya, Gary, and Katelyn are assigned to work together in their psychology class. Latroya and Gary are very organized, and start working right away. Katelyn decides that she doesn't have to put forth any effort because the other two will do the job well-enough. If she gets a high grade without contributing to the project, she has demonstrated the ________ problem.

free rider

Annette has provided assistance to others in the past and believes she can be useful to other people. As a result, she is more likely to than others to provide assistance to others in the future. Annette would rate high on a measure of _______.

helpfulness

Which of the following is defined as engaging acts that typically involve situations in which one person is in need and another provides the necessary assistance to eliminate the other's need?

helping

Which of the following combinations would most likely combine to create a person's schema of the "model minority" individual?

high in competence but low in sociability

Angie is on the subway when she notices that the woman in the opposite seat is looking at her. Angie immediately think the other woman wants to have a fight and says, "what are you looking at?" The woman responds by saying she was admiring Angie's earrings, and Angie feels embarrassed. Angie is demonstrating the ________ attribution bias in the way she interpreted the other woman's gaze.

hostile

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?

informational influence

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?

inoculation

When the Sigma Alpha Mu (SAM) fraternity plays the Zeta Beta Tau (ZBT) fraternity in a baseball game, the brothers of the two groups are highly competitive and see each other as enemies. When the SAM and ZBT brothers work together for a charity fundraiser, they are more cooperative and work well together. The difference here represents ___________.

interindividual-intergroup discontinuity.

Which of the following responsibilities would be held by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis was in the area of solving talent management problems?

interviewing employees who are leaving the company to gain insight into disengagement and engagement at work

Showing favoritism for helping one's own blood relatives is called ________

kin selection

In a situation where a thief needs to be confronted by a bystander, why might a man be more likely to intervene than a woman?

men tend to have more upper body strength than women and thus may be less likely to be injured when confronting the thief

Ira brags about how wonderful he is, talks endlessly about his accomplishments, and pushes people to admire him. He lashes out when his inflated sense of importance is threatened by others. Ira would rate high in a measure of ________.

narcissism

Jeremiah knows that his roommate Hank has a financial problem, but he really does not want to pay Hank's rent this month. He does so, however, so that he won't feel guilty and sad for declining to offer help. Jeremiah's decision to pay Hank's rent is based on the ________ model.

negative state relief

Which model of helping explains prosocial behaviors as having an egoistic or selfish motivation?

negative state relief

Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence.

normative

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

normative influence

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are:

not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group?

observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

What are the two sets of characteristics that have been identified in a prosocial personality orientation?

other-oriented empathy and helpfulness

When he gets to work one morning, Emile notices that his colleague Romero and their supervisor Lisa are having an animated conversation. He immediately assumes that there is a problem and that they are arguing, but later finds out that they were sharing interesting stories from their weekends. Emile's assumption demonstrates the hostile ________ bias.

perception

Which of the following emotional prejudices might a person be most likely to experience in response to another person who is high in warmth but low in competence?

pity

__________ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.

prejudice

Engaging in actions that benefit another person is called ________behavio

prosocial

From an evolutionary perspective, everyone wins when a person who has been helped in the past repays that assistance in the future. This concept is called ________ altruism.

reciprocal

Bettie and Verona used to be best friends, but Bettie got angry when Verona didn't come to her birthday party. Since then, Bettie has been spreading rumors about Verona. Bettie is engaging in ________ aggression

relational

Intentionally harming another person's social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group is called ________ aggression.

relational

16-year-old high school student Gregory thinks of himself as a member of the "musical clique" at school and feels that the musicians are the best group of students. He thinks poorly of athletes and spends most of his time with peers who share similar interest. This is an example of __________ theory.

self-categorization

It is a natural and adaptive social process to classify people into groups. However, because we inhabit one of these groups, we tend to favor our ingroup. What concept explains this tendency to put people, including yourself, into groups?

self-categorization theory

Mordechai lives in a neighborhood where nearly every home is owned by other orthodox Jewish families. He is very upset when he finds out that a house on his block has been purchased by a family who is Catholic. He feels that Jewish families are better than others, and does not want this family to live on his block. Mordechai is demonstrating a ________ orientation.

social dominance

According to ________ theory, people tend to categorize each other into groups and then show favoritism to their own group.

social identity

Ben is playing basketball with his friends one day when he notices everyone else has name brand shoes. He is uncertain how the quality of his shoes compares to his friends but because of __________ he feels pressure to conform and ends up buying name brand shoes for himself by the following week.

social proof

Dr. Maweldi is studying children in his laboratory and he places Maryam and Tameika at a table together. The kids are given a plate of chocolates and Tameika is told to decide how many candies she will get and how many Maryam will get. Dr. Maweldi is studying Tameika's ________ when he examines how she allocates the treats to herself and her partner.

social value orientation

A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________.

stereotype

Jason believes that all Asian people are good at math. What is this belief an example of?

stereotype

The________ content model suggests that we judge social groups based on their perceived warmth and competence.

stereotype

Which of the following is one suggestion for increasing the effectiveness of aggression-reducing interventions?

target as many aggression triggers as possible and deal with them all simultaneously

Jabon is given $50 to do with as he sees fit. He can decide how much to give to Alisa. Alisa can accept Jabon's money offer, or she can reject it. If she accepts it they both keep those amounts, but if she rejects it neither gets to keep any money. This situation is an example of the ___

ultimatum game

Which of the following techniques is used to test a person's social value orientation in a laboratory?

using a decomposed game

Elden is angry because Martin has been making sexual advances at Elden's wife. Elden goes to Martin's apartment and attacks him. Martin has to be hospitalized. Elden's behaviors are an example of ________.

violence

When a person places him or herself in a position in which he or she might be exploited by another, and does so willingly with the trust that another person will not take advantage of them, they are experiencing a state of ________.

vulnerability

The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features?

warmth and competence

In the USA some people advocate for "Open Carry" legislation regarding having guns in public. They sometimes argue that having a gun will decrease violence because others will think twice before acting violently. According to the ________, however, the mere presence of a weapon can actually increase aggressive tendencies.

weapons effect

Under which of the following circumstances would a cost-benefit analysis be most likely to result in a person offering helpful assistance?

when the costs are low and the rewards are high

In Europe, industrial/organizational psychology is commonly referred to as ________ psychology.

work and organizational