Psych test 3

If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to

moral weakness or an addictive personality.

The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are (more/less) homogeneous than our own group.

more

15. One of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are also

more likely to help others

The components of the Type A personality that have been linked most closely to coronary heart disease are anger and other feelings.

negative

Research has shown that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had the

no control over the shocks

What does a polygraph measure and why are its results questionable?

A polygraph measures physiological changes, such as heart rate and perspiration, that.are associated with emotions. Its use as a lie detector is controversial because the measure cannot distinguish between emotions with similar physiology (such as anxiety and guilt)

Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?

A preference for sweet and salty foods

theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs

Arousal

Which of the following is NOT part of the evidencé presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?

As adults, adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents.

Terrorist attacks in Paris and San Bernardino made Americans, in the words of one senator , "really scared and worried"-and more fearful of being victimized by terrorism than of the other greater threats. Such exaggerated fears after dramatic events illustrate the ____________ heuristic.

Availability

When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as "75% lean" than to the same product labeled "25% of fat," they have been influenced by what?

Framing

The existence of savant syndrome seems to support

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Charles Spearman suggested we have one ————— ———— underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.

General intelligence

The wechsler adult intelligence scale (wais) is best able to tell us

How the test taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning

can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test- takers' belief that they can do well on the test.

Stereotype threat

6. Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his performance vary by task?

The presence of a large audience generates arousal and strengthens Dr. Huang's most likely response: enhanced performance on a task he has mastered (teaching music history) and impaired performance on a task he finds difficult (stats).

16. After moving to a new apartment, you find the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while, it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates the

adaptation-level phenomenon.

Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as serotonin, exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety

aerobic

The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n)

algorithm

9. When faced with a situation over which you feel you have little control, it is most effective to use (emotion/problem)-focused coping.

emotion

The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest that

experiencing a very stressful event increases a person's vulnerability to illness.

14. Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be

c. learned through observation of aggressive models.

To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of

c. the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors.

Due to the bystander effect, a pårticular bystander is less likely to give aid if

c.other people are present.

Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to consciously label or interpret them. Lazarus noted the importance of how we appraise events. These psychologists differ in the emphasis they place on in emotional responses

cognitive processing

Most researchers agree that apes can

communicate through symbols

17. A happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep love, even though their love has probably decreased over the years.

companionate; passionate

A mental grouping of similar things is called a _________.

concept

Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that

d. a higher-than-average level of the hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males.

After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus

d. our interpretation of.that arousal.

346 7. In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called

deindividuation

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?

extrinsic motivation

19. When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the effect.

facial feedback

We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the phenomenon.

foot-in-the-door

13. When those who feel frustrated become angry and aggressive, this is referred to as the

frustration-aggression principle

The blood sugar provides the body with energy. When it is (low/high), we feel hungry

glucose; low

Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as

group polarization

According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This "weight thermostat" is an example of

homeostasis

1. An example of a physiological need is An example of a psychological drive is

hunger; a "push" to find food

The strongest support for heredity's influence on intelligence is the finding that

identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores

A major obstacle to problem solving is fixation, which is a(n)

inability to view a problem from a new perspective

hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) (incentive/drive). Jan walks into a friend's kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very

incentive

The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the effect.

mere exposure

20. Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of perceptions.

mirror-image

17. A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. psychology, this observation is embodied in the principle.

relative deprivation

The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results, for example on retesting. In other words, these tests have high

reliability

Research on the faith factor has found that

religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active

Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by then

resistance; exhaustion

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are needs.

safety

People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea that

social support has a beneficial effect on health.

9. Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as

stereotypes

6. Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out that

stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body's natural defenses against them.

Emotionally intelligent people tend to

succeed in their careers

One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called goals.

superordinate

When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as

telegraphic speech

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to exhibit the -and- response.

tend; befriend

Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact that

there is a genetic influence on body weight.

10. If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. In other words, we

overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases.

With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is

a. very high.

Children reach the one-word stage of speech development at about

1 year

The IQ of a 6 year old with a measured mental age of 9 would be

150

Sternberg's three types of intelligence are ————, ————, and ———-.

Academic, practical; creative

Aiden has a bad cold and finds himself shuffling to class with his head down. How might his posture, as well as his cold, affect his emotional well-being?

Aiden's droopy posture could negatively affect his mood thanks to the behavior feedback effect, which tends to make us feel the way we act.

Jamal's therapist has suggested that Jamal should "act as if" he is confident, even though he feels insecure and shy. Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion, and what might the therapist be hoping to achieve?

Cognitive dissonance theory best supports this suggestion. If Jamal acts confident, his behavior will contradict his negative self-thoughts, creating cognitive dissonance. To relieve the tension, Jamal may realign his attitudes with his actions by viewing himself as more outgoing and confident.

intelligent people tend to live longer, healthier lives? Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for the fact that more

Intelligent people have slower reaction times, making it less likely that they will put themselves at risk.

The theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.

James-Lange

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors?

Loss of personal control

Journalist Dorothy Dix once remarked, "Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry." Which motivation theory best supports her statement?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs best supports this statement because it addresses the primacy of some motives over others. Once our basic physiological needs are met, safety concerns are addressed next, followed by belongingness and love needs (such as the desire to kiss).

Oscar describes his political beliefs as "strongly liberal," but he has decided to explore opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confirmation bias and belief perseverance in this effort?

Oscar will need to guard against confirmation bias (searching for support for his own views and ignoring contradictory evidence) as he seeks out opposing viewpoints. Even if Oscar encounters new information that disproves his beliefs, belief perseverance may lead him to cling to these views anyway. It will take more compelling evidence to change his beliefs than it took to create them.

24. In prosperous country X everyone eats all they want. In country Y the rich are well fed, but the poor have very little to eat. In which country will the heritability of body weight be greater?

The heritability (difference due to genes) of body weight will be greater in country X, where environmental differences in available nutrition are minimal.

7. A Chinese proverb warns, "The fire you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him." How is this true of Type A individuals?

Type A individuals frequently experience negative emotions (such as anger and impatience), during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the liver. This leaves fat and cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream for deposit near the heart and other organs, increasing the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Thus, Type A individuals actually harm themselves by directing anger at others.

The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is

being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation.

Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal will

intensify your happiness.

When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an (internal/external) locus of control.

internal

Use the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence to explain why writers tend to produce their most creative work later in life, while scientists often hit their peak much earlier.

knowledge, which increases research may need more fluid intelligence (speedy and abstract reasoning), with age. For top performance, scientists doing Writers' work relies more on crystallized intelligence, or accumulated which tends to decreasé with age.

Social scientists studying the effects of pornography have mostly agreed that violent pornography

leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations.

Sanjay recently adopted the typical the extra pounds in the future. How would you evaluate Sanjay's plan? He knows he may gain weight, but he figures it's no big deal because he can lose college diet high in processed fat and sugar.

less energy to maintain than it did Sanjay's plan is problematic. rid of it later, when his metabolism slows down in an to gain in the first place. Sanjay may have After he gains weight, the extra fat will require a hard time getting effort to retain his body weight.

Stress can suppress the immune system by prompting a decrease in the release of the immune cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign substances.

lymphocytes

In Milgram's experiments, the rate of obedience was highest when

the "learner" was at a distance from the "teacher."

Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if

the person admires the group's status.

According to Chomsky, all languages share a(n) _______ _______.

universal grammar