psych unit 4 quiz

Your friend Lindsey became very ill a few hours after eating the fried chicken special in the college cafeteria. Now, Lindsey feels queasy whenever she smells fried chicken. According to what you've learned from your text, you explain that: Lindsey has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness. since Lindsey only experienced one pairing of the fried chicken and illness, her queasy feelings cannot be a classically conditioned response. Lindsey has been negatively reinforced for eating fried chicken, because consuming it led to an aversive consequence. latent learning has occurred and Lindsey can overcome the queasy feeling by forcing herself to eat the fried chicken.

Lindsey has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness

____ is the neural storage of a long-term memory. Implicit memory Flashbulb memory Memory consolidation Memory retrieval

Memory consolidation

Mason , a stockbroker runs two miles everyday to work because it reduces his level of stress . Mason's running habit is maintained by a ( n ) reinforcer .

Negative

Conditioning is the process of ...

Observational learning

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar . This best illustrates the process underlying ...

Operant conditioning

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of ...

Operant conditioning

The way slot machines reward gamblers best illustrates ...

Partial reinforcement

Any stimulus that , when presented after a response , strengthens the response , is called a ( n ) ...

Positive reinforcer

____ is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Cognitive learning Respondent behavior Extinction Observational learning

Respondent behavior

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's view is FALSE? Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society. Skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions. Skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors. Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society.

Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society

The law of effect laid the foundation for: Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant , Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant . In this case soaking was a ( n ) . for Colin's fear .

Unconditioned stimulus

Watching the night sky for a shooting star is likely to be reinforced on a schedule .

Variable interval

Without any explicit training from adults , many 8 - year old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents cars . This best illustrates the importance of a . Observational learning . b . Classical conditioning c . Operant conditioning d . Spontaneous recovery

a . Observational learning

Which of the following is an unconditioned response a . salivating at the sight of a lemon b . raising your hand to ask a question c . jerking your hand off a very . hot stove d . walking into a restaurant to eat

a . salivation at the sight of a lemon

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same coworker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, is she following me? Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as: the sensory memory. the next-in-line effect. automatic processing. the serial position effect.

automatic processing

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform , 3 year old Vaclav is fearful of any women wearing a white dress . Vaclav's reaction best illustrates a . shaping b . generalization c . latent learning d . spontaneous recovery

b . generalization

Receiving money as a reward and having a monetary fine suspended are both reinforcers a . Primary b . Partial c . Secondary / Conditioned d . Negative

c . Secondary / Conditioned

To teach and animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors , animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as a . Delayed reinforcement b . Latent learning c . Shaping d . Generalization

c . Shaping

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed . This best illustrates the importance of a . intrinsic motivation b . spontaneous recovery c . cognitive learning c . operant conditioning

c . cognitive learning

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident , Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle . Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates a . shaping b . conditioned reinforcement c . discrimination d . negative reinforcement

c . discrimination

Long after being bitten by a stray dog , Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared . To his surprise , however , when he was recently confronted by a stray dog , he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety . . This sudden anxiety illustrates a . delayed reinforcement b . latent learning c . spontaneous recovery d . shaping

c . spontaneous recovery

A learned association between two stimuli is central to: classical conditioning. negative reinforcement. extrinsic motivation. shaping.

classical conditioning

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates: classical conditioning. the law of effect. operant conditioning. observational learning.

classical conditioning

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates: generalization. spontaneous recovery. classical conditioning. the law of effect.

classical conditioning

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or through using language is called: cognitive learning. shaping. classical conditioning. partial reinforcement.

cognitive learning

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior. associative learning spontaneous recovery cognitive processes negative reinforcement

cognitive processes

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it had previously been associated with the presentation of food , the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a a . conditioned response b . unconditioned response c . conditioned stimulus d . unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n): neutral stimulus (NS). conditioned response (CR). unconditioned response (UR). conditioned stimulus (CS).

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A reinforcement is any event that a . Satisfies a biological need b . Triggers feelings of pleasure c . Elicits a conditioned response d . Increases the frequency of a preceding response .

d . Increases the frequency of a preceding response

Julio's mother have been giving him . gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night . After about a week Julio discontinued his habit of bed - wetting . His change in behavior best illustrates the value of a . Primary reinforcement b . Classical conditioning c . Spontaneous recovery d . Operant conditioning .

d . Operant conditioning

Learning that certain events occur together is called a . shaping b . latent learning c . observational learning d . associative learning

d . associative learning

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm , we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder . This best illustrates a . operant conditioning b . the law of effect c . observational learning d . classical conditioning

d . classical conditioning

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone , he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food , As a result , had occurred a . generalization b . negative reinforcement c . latent learning d . extinction

d . extinction

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors , such as slapping and barking , that prompt people to toss them a herring . This best illustrates a . respondent behavior b . spontaneous behavior c . observational learning d . operant conditioning

d . operant conditioning

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell had been rung regularly associated with food in the mouth , the UR is the a . ringing bell b . salivating to the ringing bell c . food in the mouth d . salicvation to the food in the mouth

d . salivation to the food in the mouth

Encoding is to _____________ as storage is to _____________. data on a flash drive; the computer screen data stored on the hard drive; data printed on a page data printed on a page; key strokes data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Which of the following helps to retain information for a lifetime? shallow processing distributed practice massed study cramming

distributed practice

The three steps in memory information processing are: encoding, storage, retrieval. input, storage, output. input, processing, output. input, storage, retrieval.

encoding, storage, retrieval

Mable has Alzheimer's disease and her _____________ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____________ memories by being repeatedly shown words. explicit; detailed explicit; implied implicit; explicit explicit; implicit

explicit; implicit

If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then is also sometimes preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react with: fear to the tone but not to the light. no fear, either to the tone or to the light. equally high levels of fear both to the tone and to the light. fear to the light but not to the tone.

fear to the tone but not to the light

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement. variable-ratio variable-interval fixed-ratio fixed-interval

fixed-interval

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage and her attacker was wearing strong cologne. Marlee now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This classically conditioned response best illustrates: generalization. operant conditioning. an unconditioned response (UR). discrimination.

generalization.

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: his ability to remember an emotionally significant event in so much detail is unusual. he has a flashbulb memory for this event. he will completely forget all of these memories over time. he is describing the spotlight effect.

he has a flashbulb memory for this event

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the: hippocampus. amygdala. hypothalamus. cerebellum.

hippocampus

All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT: principles of learning apply across species. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively.

his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments

In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of television. suicide pregnancy homicide graduation

homicide

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This ____________ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second. long-term potentiation explicit memory echoic memory iconic memory

iconic memory

Fiona, now 6 years old, has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona has no recollection of the event. Her inability to remember this event is known as: regression. state-dependent memory. source amnesia. infantile amnesia.

infantile amnesia

Becky grows tomatoes for the sheer joy of it; Lauren grows them to sell at a profit. Becky's behavior reflects ________, whereas Lauren's behavior reflects ________. spontaneous recovery; acquisition a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation operant conditioning; classical conditioning

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply commonly to both types of learning? discrimination extinction associative learning involuntary responses

involuntary responses

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because: it is easier for adults to learn a language. of the implicit memory effect. of the serial position effect. it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing television violence in which an attractive person commits: justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm. unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm. unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.

justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm

Watson and Pavlov agreed that: psychologists should study "mentalistic concepts." laws of learning are the same for all animals. laws of learning are NOT the same for all animals. the study of consciousness should be a goal of psychology.

laws of learning are the same for all animals

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory? semantic encoding priming proactive interference long-term potentiation

long-term potentiation

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of: erratic behavior. secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. negative reinforcement.

negative reinforcement

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via: classical conditioning. neural networks. operant conditioning. observation.

observation

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: of the effortful processing of space. of the automatic processing of space. she is extremely bright. women are better at remembering their place in a book than are men.

of the automatic processing of space

B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's pleasure-seeking tendencies. cultural background. early childhood experiences. personal freedom.

personal freedom

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response (CR) depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association. frequency distinctiveness duration predictability

predictability

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior. causes is unrelated to inhibits predicts

predicts

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their: relearning. reconstruction. recall. recognition.

recall

Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as: recognition is to recall. recall is to recognition. encoding is to storage. storage is to encoding.

recall is to recognition

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using: recognition. relearning. reconstruction. recall.

recognition

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as: flashbulb memories. retrieval cues. sensory memories. iconic memories.

retrieval cues

Johnny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has damage to his: right hippocampus. left thalamus. left hippocampus. right thalamus.

right hippocampus

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the: serial position effect. next-in-line effect. semantic effect. spacing effect.

serial position effect

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both: shaping and immediate reinforcement. continuous reinforcement and latent learning. positive reinforcement and punishment. observational learning and spontaneous recovery

shaping and immediate reinforcement

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider: the context in which learning occurred. retrieval failure. retroactive interference. implicit memory.

the context in which learning occurred

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseated. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room also started to make her nauseated. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the: conditioned response (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). unconditioned response (UR). neutral stimulus (NS).

unconditioned response (UR)

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ____________ repeatedly comes before a(n) ____________. neutral stimulus (NS); unconditioned stimulus (US) unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS) unconditioned response (UR); conditioned response (CR) conditioned response (CR); conditioned stimulus (CS)

unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS)

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule. variable-interval fixed-interval variable-ratio fixed-ratio

variable-ratio

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-interval fixed-ratio variable-interval variable-ratio

variable-ratio

According to the text , learning involves ...

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience .

In classical conditioning , signals the impending occurrence of the

CS ; US

A Skinner Box is a ( n ) ...

Chamber containing a bad or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward .

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm , we learn that the flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder . This best illustrates ...

Classical conditioning

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypnotic needle is a ( n )

Conditioned response

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus (CS) was challenged by: Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants.

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats

After learning to fear a white rat , Little Albert responded with fear to the white rabbit . This best illustrates the process of ...

Generalization

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is ...

Ivan Pavlov

Who introduced the term " behaviorism " ?

John B. Watson