PSYCH UNIT 4

If you are making the fundamental attribution error about a student who just walked into class late, you might think

He obviously doesn't care about this class. He was too lazy to wake up on time.

Which of the following statements DOES NOT support the biological model of aggression?

Watching violence within your community increases aggression. -- which describes a role for social interaction in the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

What is one reason why women might be more likely than men to receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

Women may experience hormonal changes that affect mood.

Do you think there is any truth to the "Beautiful-Is-Good" stereotype?

Yes

During a clinical interview, Martina made some statements about her eating behaviors. Which one of these statements made her clinician concerned about binge eating disorder?

"I get a feeling that I just can't stop eating." -- Martina's inability to stop herself from eating could cause distress and potentially put herself in danger. Feeling compelled to eat is also deviant behavior. Martina's other statements are normal or typical behavior.

Which aspect of attribution theory would focus on your friend's exam grades over time?

Consistency -- the measure of how frequently a behavior occurs in a certain context (e.g., does it happen "all the time", "some of the time", "rarely" or "not at all"?). Consistent behaviors are more likely to be the result of internal factors.

In Milgram's original design, ______________ % of participants administered all shocks to the learner. (Enter a whole number.)

65

According to the Asch's research findings, ______________ percent of participants complied with an incorrect answer at least once.

75

Which of the following describes the DSM-5?

A classification system of psychological disorders A guide to diagnosing psychological disorders A system for billing treatment of psychological disorders -- The DSM helps clinicians diagnose psychological disorders, includes important characteristics of each psychological disorder, and provides diagnostic and statistical codes that clinics and hospitals can use to bill insurance companies for reimbursement of services.

Hypomania

A period of excessive energy that interferes with functioning -- Mania involves more energy than usual and dysfunction. Hypomania involves this same increase in energy with less dysfunction than mania.

Mania

A period of excessive energy that interferes with functioning at a more significant level

"Look at that old woman over there. There's no way she should still be driving. I hate it when old people drive and put all the rest of us at risk." This statement is an example of:

A prejudice

Jasper is terrified of snakes

Affective - Being terrified is an emotional reaction, and is therefore an affective component.

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Alogia

Which APA is responsible for publishing the DSM-5?

American Psychiatric Association -- because it encompasses a group of doctors of psychiatric medicine that have the qualifications and experience to write the means of diagnosis.

Beth and Annie are competing for a job. Annie is more attractive than Beth, but Beth is equally qualified for the job. Who would you predict will get the job?

Annie, people perceive pretty girls as better girls. -- Because of the "beautiful is good" stereotype, people perceived as more attractive are often given preference over those that are not.

Trouble sleeping

Arousal and reactivity symptoms

stereotype

Assigning positive or negative attributions based on a shared characteristic

In research, prejudice is studied by looking at ________ and discrimination is studied by looking at______.

Attitudes; behaviors -- Prejudice is an opinion about a person or a group of people and discrimination is acting on those thoughts/opinions.

Juanes is 2 years old. His communication is severely impaired. He appears withdrawn and unresponsive to affection. He is most likely to be diagnosed with

Autism spectrum disorder -- is often found because of a lack of social skills, and being overall withdrawn. It is also diagnosed during infancy in most cases.

Becca doesn't really like her chemistry class, but she knows she paid a LOT of money for it, so she attends every single lecture. Eventually Becca grows to like the class and even convinces her roommate to enroll. What is happening in this example?

Becca is reducing cognitive dissonance by changing her attitude to match her behavior.

Susan goes to the movies to see a feature film starring her favorite actor.

Behavioral -- Going to the movies is an action, and therefore a behavioral component.

Which of the following would reduce discrimination?

Being of equal status Working toward a common goal -- Being of equal status makes it less likely that one of the groups can be effectively used as a scapegoat, while working toward a common goal yields mutual interdependence.

Which of the following choices best describes the relationship between the terms manic-depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a newer term replacing the label manic-depressive disorder. -- People used to call bipolar disorder manic-depressive disorder to emphasize the periods of excessive energy and lack of energy. The emphasis on these two different periods of energy is still apparent in bipolar disorder; "bi" means two and "polar" emphasizes the opposite nature of the energy levels or moods.

CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 12

CHAPTER 12

Felix believes that his Range Rover is safer than his friend's Kia based on safety reports.

Cognitive -- Believing that a Range Rover is a very safe vehicle is a thought, and therefore a cognitive component.

Constant fear

Cognitive and mood symptoms

The feeling of discomfort caused by holding two contrary attitudes and acknowledging the validity of both arguments is called ____.

Cognitive dissonance -- when two contrary attitudes/behavior cause discomfort within ourselves

Clive has given all his worldly possessions to the cult he joined. He no longer has any contact with his family and has no friends other than cult members. The cult leader told members when the world would end and how aliens would save them. When the world did not end, Clive remained in the cult and became more convinced that the leader was a prophet. What best explains Clive's behavior?

Cognitive dissonance theory -- Clive's actions (abandoning his family and giving away his possessions) are in conflict with the belief that the cult leader could be mistaken. Cognitive dissonance results from this, and it is far easier to dismiss the idea that the leader is wrong than it is to change your entire way of life.

You met Jim at a friend's house. You disliked Jim immediately and found him to be rude and self-centered. When some friends were going on a road trip a month later, everyone met on time and Jim showed up 20 minutes late. Even though your friends had good things to say about Jim, all you could think about was how inconsiderate it was of him to arrive late, and it just supported what you already felt about him. This situation is best described as ___

Confirmation bias

In Asch's experiments, students were asked to judge which of three comparison lines was the same length as the standard line. One student believes that "2" is the correct answer; but changes to "3" when other people before her say "3". This best illustrates:

Conformity -- because the student sees other students answering line 3, and they change their answer based on that

Which of the following is a feature of dissociative disorders?

Depersonalization and Derealization -- because dissociative disorders can cause people to lose feelings, or feel like they are detached from their own body.

Which of the following persons would be likely to join a cult?

Henry is 22; he failed out of college and has never dated anyone, and his only "friends" are people he talks to at work. -- Vulnerable, socially-isolated individuals tend to be the most susceptible to joining cults, as they are often very responsive to the positive validation that cults give to their members.

Maria steals money from the offering plate in church every Sunday. Which of the 4 D's of abnormal behavior best describes this behavior?

Deviance -- Most people give to the offering plate on Sundays, as this is the statistical and societal (religious) norm. Maria is a statistical outlier and violates the social contract by taking money from the offering plate. As such, Maria's behavior is deviant.

What does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- is the very long-winded name for the tool used to diagnose people all over the world.

Your boss doesn't hire anyone who with any type of obvious disability because it's a hassle to deal with and they are more likely to use sick days. This is an example of:

Discrimination -- because the boss is actively turning down people for a job based on something they all have alike.

The Asch Experiment

Participants will give a known wrong answer in order to conform

Opposites Attract.

False

When a person either experiences or is witness to a traumatic or stressful life event, post-traumatic stress disorder can develop. Which of the following might a person express as symptomology to this disorder?

Flashbacks Avoidance of people or places Difficulty sleeping Memory loss

While walking to her psychology class, Eliza is approached by a woman who would like her to sign a petition for the betterment of higher education. She agrees and signs. Then, the woman tells her that she must also fill out a quick form. Eliza also signs the form. Just as she is able to leave, the woman asks if she can answer just a couple of interview questions. This illustrates which technique?

Foot-in-the-door -- By starting with a small request, you can slowly build up to the thing you are really wanted/needing to ask

One of the defining factors of psychological disorders is that they cause significant ______________ in an individual's life.

Impairment -- Psychological disorders commonly cause impairment because they impact a person's ability to function in society.

Most people will torture an innocent person if they are ordered to do so.

True

The symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders typically begin during which period of the lifespan?

Infancy -- Because these disorders affect the brain and the rest of the central and peripheral nervous systems, their cognitive and social effects are seen early in infancy

Carson's best friend has canceled on him twice in one week. Refer to the Attribution Theory to predict two possible causes (internal and external) Carson might attribute to his friend's recent behavior.

Internal - they are being lazy External - something happened in his life that is making him cancel

Which of the following statements about the DSM are FALSE?

It provides information on how disorders should be treated Is not affected by society It does not change very much from edition to edition

Which of the following statements about the DSM are TRUE?

Its diagnostic criteria are rigidly applied

Leaders of cults are often perceived by members as charismatic.

True -- Leaders of cults are typically seen to be perfect or beyond reproach, and very adept with social skills.

Which of the following would cause the greatest state of cognitive dissonance?

Josef is an active animal rights advocate and vegan. After feeling hungry from his run, he eats a bowl of his mom's beef stew but tells no one. -- Josef's decision to eat a bowl of beef stew is both (1) intentional and (2) conflicts with the cognitive component of his veganism. In this case, his behavior conflicts with the cognitive component of his attitude. (If he enjoyed the stew, his affective component would also be in conflict with the cognitive component of his attitude.)

Which of the following IS A best represents the fundamental attribution error?

Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy.

Labeling psychological disorders can be both helpful and harmful. Which of the following is a harmful use of labels?

Labels are a way to interpret feelings and behaviors without examining alternatives. -- Categorizing similar behaviors, organizing epidemiological data, and providing a common language allow for better research and treatment for individual disorders. Interpreting behavior based on the label rather than looking for alternatives is harmful.

In a situation where groupthink is occurring, which of the following statements best represents the illusion of invulnerability?

Let's do it—we never fail. -- relates to a false perception that a group is incapable of making mistakes or failure. They are too "caught up" in believing in their own hype to think failure is possible.

Which of the following situations would lead to feelings of cognitive dissonance?

Luis has always protested violence and war, but last week he signed up to join the Marine Corps.

When people join cults, particularly those that predict the end of the world (e.g., the Doomsday cult), what happens when the world does not end as expected?

Members remain committed to the cult, believing that they saved the world.

Which of the following statements DOES support the biological model of aggression?

Men are more aggressive than women due to men's levels of testosterone. Hyperactivity of the amygdala increases aggression in animals. Genetic differences explain differences in expressed aggression.

The first time Tim hears a popular song, he is fairly unimpressed. Over time, though, the song seems to grow on him until he actually enjoys it. This phenomenon can be explained by:

Mere exposure effect -- After many exposures to the song, Time begins to like it more.

Prejudice

Negative attitudes about persons grouped together based on a shared characteristic

Chase was walking to class when suddenly he felt short of breath and dizzy. His heart started pounding quickly and he briefly had thoughts that he was going to die. Chase is most likely suffering from what?

Panic

______ dissociative symptoms are characterized by a feeling of being outside of oneself.

Positive -- Depersonalization, derealization, and fragmentation of identity are positive dissociation symptoms. Persons may feel as though they are outside their body with these positive symptoms that occur after the onset of the disorder.

Flashbacks

Re-experiencing symptoms

True or False: Spending time with people in groups different from our own can help reduce prejudice through the mere exposure effect.

True -- We like people more when we spend more time with them, so repeated exposures to people from different groups will reduce prejudice.

Which of the following are real examples of altruism?

Visiting a nursing home to make the residents feel valued Volunteering your time at a local school to help tutor children Anonymously donating a Thanksgiving meal to a family in need -- Notice that each of the incorrect answers involve receiving a reward (or the possibility of a reward) in return for a "charitable" act.

Leslie is a minority on her residential floor and often feels left out of activities by some of the other girls. In turn, when a new international student transfers to her floor, she intentionally puts down the new girl and doesn't invite her out. Which of the following phenomena could be responsible for this behavior?

Scapegoating -- because Leslie is treating the girl how she is generally treated to make herself feel like she belongs

Kacey practices many hours a week for soccer. She is very passionate about it and loves to play competitively. Last weekend, she lost a game and said that the reason was because the team cheated. However, yesterday she won and she told herself that it is because she is just very good at soccer and should play professionally. What perception error is Kacey making?

Self-Serving Bias -- because Kacey is never at fault, unless it is something good. This keeps Kacey the star in her mind.

Which person described below is MOST likely to conform his/her responses to match others?

Seth is a student who doesn't have many friends and is self-conscious. -- Conformity is most common when we wish to be liked or "fit in" with the group. Therefore Seth is the most likely to conform, as he is described as lacking many friends and being self-conscious.

Why is Dorothea Dix an important figure in the history of psychology?

She advocated for humane treatment of individuals with psychological disorders. -- While people with psychological disorders were stigmatized, Dix lobbied to get states to fund institutions for people with psychological disorders to live and receive treatment. Electric shock therapy was not specifically one of the treatments she lobbied for.

Sonya just performed an altruistic act. Which of the following is likely to reflect her actions?

She helped without a personal agenda.

Unfortunately, in America, many disorders and mental health conditions often come with labels and stigma. Which of the following would be categorized as a stigma?

Social disapproval, Discrimination, Social isolation -- Inclusion is the only one of these that would not come from negative stigmas and labels

Which of the following are diagnostic categories of anxiety?

Specific Phobias and Panic Disorder

Which of the following persons is most likely to behave aggressively?

Stuart has an older brother, Jason, whom he loves and admires. Stuart keeps watch as Jason takes money out of the donations basket at church and tells Jason that another kid saw. The other kid is a year younger than Jason. Jason punched him repeatedly and told him not to talk or he would "get it worse." Jason then took the kid's wallet, which had another $40 in it. Jason stole over $200 and gave Stuart $40 for keeping watch. -- Stuart is most likely to be aggressive because he is watching someone else be aggressive and be rewarded for it.

Which of the following are examples of social norms?

Students stop talking when their professor starts lecturing. Students raise their hands to ask the instructor for permission to speak in class

Which person described below is LEAST likely to conform his/her responses to match others?

Susan is a single mother who lobbies for women's rights. Francis is a psychology student who just read the social psychology chapter. Bob tends to be opinionated and likes to dominate conversations.

Using attractive people in ads is thought to help increase customers. What social psychological concept can help explain why this is?

The "beautiful-is-good" stereotype because if someone who is attractive is associated with a product, the product must be good.

Which of the following is an example of groupthink?

The Challenger explosion The attack on Pearl Harbor

Your good friend Todd asks you to donate $20 to his OU Dance Marathon page. You refuse. He then tells you that he knows $20 is a lot for a college student and that $5 would be nice. You agree. This displays:

The door-in-the-face -- It utilizes asking for a big favor first, to make your actual favor/question seem small and not so bad.

Which of the following best explains Albert Bandura's theory behind aggression?

Violent behavior is quickly learned by watching aggressive models who are rewarded. -- Albert Bandura's theory related to how people learn to be aggressive from others; watching a model be rewarded for aggressive behavior is the best example of this.

Which of the following IS NOT a best represents the fundamental attribution error?

The reason why Keith feels depressed is a function of both nature and nurture. Rhonda was late because there was traffic. Ross got an A on the exam because the class was so easy.

According to the fundamental attribution error, when you meet someone who arrives late, which of the following inferences are you most likely to make?

They are irresponsible

Make a prediction: when faced with the reality that the world was not ending and no spaceship was coming, what do you think most members of the doomsday cult did next?

They remained with the cult, even more committed now that they had all saved the world.

You go to a party with friends and you feel confident, knowing you are looking good in the new clothes you bought. According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, which of the following would be most likely to occur?

You talk to new people, socialize, and enjoy the party. -- Feeling confident will change the way you act at the party, likely making you more outgoing and sociable. Others will react to you positively based on your confidence and being sociable, resulting in a self-fulfilling prophecy.

One of the causes of implicit bias is the way certain groups are portrayed in the media and discussed by our friends and family. These images become internalized as a part of our subconscious mind. In the context of previous concepts we've discussed in class, we can characterize implicit bias as a process of:

associative learning

Why is it adaptive for us to make the fundamental attribution error?

because we pay too much attention to the disposition or personality of the person in the situation and don't pay enough attention to the situation itself.

When Milgram moved his experiment from the campus of Yale University to a warehouse in downtown Bridgeport, Connecticut, what were his findings?

conformity dropped to a little less that 50%

Ian is at a hockey game where he sees a figth taking place. People begin to cheer. Although he wouldn't encourage the behavior himself, Ian begins to join the crowd in cheering on the fight. Ian's loss of personal responsibility and identity while in a group is best described as what?

deindividuation

Samson was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His wife insisted that he see a doctor after he continued to announce that he had been elected President of the United States. This behavior is an example of a

delusion and positive symptom -- Positive symptoms occur after the onset of the psychological disorder and include delusions. Samson believed he was the President when he was, in fact, not; his belief was not based in reality.

Jen wanted to stay out until midnight‚ well after her curfew‚ so she asked her mom if she could spend the night at a friend's house. Her mom said no‚ so Jen asked for a midnight curfew instead‚ which her mom said was okay.

door-in-the-face

Based on the entire situation, what type of attribution should most likely be made about your friend's behavior?

external

Your friend blamed his poor exam grade on his roommate, which assumes a(n) ______________ attribution.

external & situational

The predictions of local psychiatrists and psychologists on the percentage of people who will administer the final shock of 450 volts closely matched the actual results from Milgram's studies.

false

Donna agreed to foster a cat while a home could be found. After several weeks‚ the shelter asked Donna if she would keep the cat because they were unable to find the cat a permanent home. Foot-in-the-door

foot-in-the-door

Your initial assumption that your friend doesn't care about being on time is a(an) _________ attribution.

internal -- because it focuses on something within the individual (i.e., a lack of concern for tardiness).

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is a selfish and unhappy person, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) ______ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) ____

internal attribution / external attribution

Why is implicit prejudice so dangerous?

it automatically seeps into a person's affect or behavior and is outside of the full awareness of that person

Kate walks into BestBuy to buy a new phone. Because she sees Apple advertisements everywhere, she automatically considers buying the iPhone. This example illustrates:

mere exposure effect

The use of sterilization to prevent individuals with psychological disorders from procreating is called

negative eugenics -- The aim of eugenics is to improve society. Here, people with psychological disorders were/are stigmatized, and having greater numbers of people with psychological disorders was not encouraged. Sterilizing people with psychological disorders is a form of negative eugenics which selects against certain traits, like having a psychological disorder.

Discrimination

negative or unjust behaviors towards persons who share similar characteristics to a disliked group

Dabnus often has a hard time focusing on his studies because he is constantly thinking about his fear of clowns. These intrusive thoughts are referred to as

obsessions -- Constantly thinking about clowns is an obsession. If Dabnus had to check the window to be sure that clowns weren't there, that would be a compulsion.

What type of research is being conducted in the Doomsday cult example discussed above?

participant observation -- because the researchers posed as members of the cult to study the group from within it.

The Milgram Experiment

shock generator used to apply punishment; 2/3 of participants went all the way to the end

Paul's mother asked him if he wanted any dolls for his birthday. Paul blushed, and told his mother that he plays with action figures, not dolls! Paul was trying to avoid the __________ associated with dolls.

stereotype -- because Paul is not expressing hatred or another strong negative emotion.