PSYCH

What is operant conditioning?

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

Which of the following illustrates positive punishment?

A parking ticket.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

A reward for good behavior.

Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following is definition of spontaneous recover?

An extinguished condition response reemerges.

The form of _______ learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the stimulus has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning

Associative

Learning that occurs when we make connections, or an association, between two events is known as?

Associative learning

_____ modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior.

Behavioral

Which theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking, wishing, and hoping, and focuses solely on observable actions?

Behaviorism

According to Thorndlike law's effect

Behaviors followed by bad results are less likely to occur Behaviors followed by good results are more likely to occur.

When considering Pavlov's dogs, how would you permanently extinguish the association between the bell and food?

By ringing the bell and then never providing food.

______ conditioning can produce immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies.

Classical

. ________ is operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

Discrimination

_____ habituation and classical conditioning is when an individual needs a higher and higher dose of a substance to get the same effect

Drug

______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Learning

Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior is know as:

Observational learning

______ conditioning is voluntary response

Operant

Ivan ____ is the researcher who originally described classical conditioning

Pavlov

______ effects are observable changes (such as drop in pain) that cannot be explained by effects of an actual treatment.

Placebo

Does a ratio or an interval schedule of reinforcement lead to more of reinforced behavior over time?

Ratio

Which of the following is a variable ratio schedule.

Sam is reinforced every 2-5 times he puts his toys away.

_______ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

Schedules

When a rat enters a skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is only in the vicinity of the lever, then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is _____.

Shaping

_______ can be especially helpful for learning tasks that require time and persistence to complete because rewards are given as subjects get closer to approximating the task.

Shaping

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called ________ recovery.

Spontaneous

Pavlov's dog would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of ?

Stimulus discrimination

Which of the following exemplifies negative reinforcement?

Taking an aspirin when you have a headache.

Which of the following is negative punishment?

Taking away TV from a child.

_____ aversion involves the unconditioned response of nausea to make the connection in classical conditioning.

Taste

Define classical conditioning

The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response.

What distinguished an interval schedule from other types of schedule?

Time between reinforcements

True or false: Acquisition in classical conditioning is the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

True

Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining

Voluntary behaviors

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

When a child imitates his mother's actions

Observational learning is also known as

a. imitation b. modeling

Which of the following are components of observational learning according to Bandura?

a. retention b. attention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement

_______ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

acuquisition

Positive punishment is :

addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

The form of ______ learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning.

associative

The unconditioned stimulus

automatically causes a response, each time it is presented.

Applied behavior analysis or _________ modification is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

behavior

The study involving "Little Albert" and the white rat was an experiment in what learning?

classical conditioning

Learning involves observable behaviors, however, it also involves __________ factors which involves understanding the though of the learner.

cognitive

After "Little Albert" was ____ to fear white rats, he also feared similar objects such as white rabbit.

conditioned

By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov could get his dogs to salivate just to the sound of the bell. In this case, salivation in response to the bell is called a(n):

conditioned response

In Pavlov's work on classical conditioning with dogs, the bell became a(n) ________ because it was originally neutral but it became paired with the UC (food).

conditioned stimulus

In ________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in ________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.

continuous, partial

In ______, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.

counterconditioning

______ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response with that is incompatible with the fear.

counterconditioning

Sarah is starting to struggle in her general psychology class. She does not understand the materials in her lectures, and she has gotten behind her homework. She knows that if she goes to the professor now, the solution will likely be easier than if she waits and gets further behind. If Sarah decides to wait to go see her professor and see if she can catch up on her own, it would exemplify

delayed punishment

Tim has decided not to go out this weekend to party with his friends, but to save money and go on vacation with this girlfriend over Christmas break. Tim's action are an example of

delayed reinforcement

The placebo effect has shown that the secretion of hormones from the _____ system has been proved based on the information on classical conditioning.

endocrine

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important part in ____ memory

episodic

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, ________ has occurred.

extinction

A(n) _____ interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.

fixed

sam is reinforced once a week for putting his toys away . is an example of what

fixed interval schedule

A ______ reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

fixed-ratio schedule

Which of the following are primary reinforcers?

food, sex, water

In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is known as ____.

generalization

In operant conditioning, ________ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to ______ the frequency of that behavior.

increase

In terms of increasing or decreasing behavior in operant conditioning, negative conditioning _______ a behavior whereas punishment _____ it.

increases, decreases

The conditioned response is the _____ response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

learned

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are

learned

The imitation of behaviors performed by others is called

modeling

When a child tells a doll not to eat too much candy after having been told so by its mother, this is an example of ______

modeling

______ reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior; whereas ______ reinforcement is the presentation of the stimulus after a behavior.

negative and positive

Taking away a tv from a child who speaks back to her mom is an example of

negative punishment

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ____ is said to have occurred.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a ______ stimulus.

neutral

A skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study

operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.

Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered

positive punishment

Which of the following are secondary reinforcers?

praise, money

Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc) are called ______ reinforcers.

primary

One cognitive factor of learning is _____ , the idea that much of behavior is goal-directed.

purposive

Both positive and negative punishment

reduce the frequency of a behavior.

Punishment will tend to

reduce the frequency of the behavior.

On a fixed ________ , individuals can predict when reinforcement will occur.

schedule of reinforcement

On an interval ________, reinforcement is given based on the passage of time.

schedule of reinforcement

On a variable _______, individuals cannot predict when reinforcement will occur.

schedule of reinforcement.

Term for reinforcers that are learned by association: _______ reinforcers

secondary

What learning process is exhibited by the following: In teaching a child to walk, the child is first rewarded for crawling, then for standing up, and then for taking his or her first step

shaping

If you dislike the consequences of eating too much candy, the odds are that you will not eat as much sweet food as you might otherwise. This is an example of

the law of effect

Negative punishment is

the removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

A(N) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth , the food is called the stimulus.

unconditioned

'UR' is an abbreviation for

unconditioned response

When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the ______ response

unconditioned response

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, they paired a loud noise with a white rat. Although Albert had not initially been afraid of the rat, after only seven pairings of the loud noise with the white rat, Albert began to fear the rat, even when the loud noise was no longer sounded. In this experiment, the loud noise is an example of a(n) :

unconditioned stimulus. The white rat was the conditioned stimulus. Little albert learned to fear the white rat after associating it with the loud noise.

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a

variable - ratio (vr) schedule

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a

variable interval (VI) schedule

A ______ is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

variable-interval schedule

Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning typically involves

voluntary response